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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



Chap. _______ Copyright No. 

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



SYLLABUS OF LABORATORY WORK 



Materia Medica^lTherapeutics 



IN USE AT 



RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 



't 



Daniel R. Brower, A. M., M. D., 

Professor of Mental Discuses, Materia Medico, and Therapeutics. 

J. A. Patton, B. S , M. D., 

Lecturer and Demonstrator of Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 

Jas. C. Gill, M. D , 

Instructor in Materia Medic a ami Therapeutics. 

Geo. W Hall, A. M., M. D., 

Instructor in Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 

C. A. Wade, M. D., 

Instructor in Materia Medica. 




Chicago: TWO COPIES RECEIVED 

The W. T. Keener Co. 

iS 97 



<s 



>TM I 



\ \j 



6633 




2,3 



Copyright, 1897, 
By The W. T. Keener Co. 



DESK INVOICE. 



Each student will observe that he is furnished with the follow- 
ing apparatus and that he is held personally responsible for its safe 
return to the college. 

FOR EACH STUDENT SEPARATELY. 

2 beakers. 

i wash bottle. 

i porcelain evaporating dish, 5 inch. 

1 porcelain evaporating dish, 3 inch. 

1 glass funnel, 5 inch. 

1 glass funnel, 3 inch. 

r glass graduate, 4 ounce (Apothecary and Metric.) 

1 glass graduate, 2 drachms (minims.) 



1 wedgewood mortar and pestle. 
1 glass mortar and pestle. 
1 glass stirring rod. 
r steel spatula, 6 inch. 
1 horn spatula, spoon end. 
r retort stand, 3 rings. 
1 filter stand, for 4 funnels. 
10 test tubes. 
1 test tube rack. 



1 test tube swab. 

1 copper water bath. 

1 wire gauze, 6x6. 

1 porcelain pill tile, 8 x 10. 

1 percolator and packer. 

1 pipe-stem triangle. 

2 butter chips. 
1 kev. 



APPARATUS AT EACH DESK. 
1 Bunsen burner with rubber tubing. 
1 bottle red litmus paper, 
r bottle blue litmus paper. 
1 scale outfit. 



EACH SCALE SET CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING: 

i No. 6 army scale. 

i set Troy weights from i grain to 2 drachms. 

1 set Metric weights from 1 milligram to 20 grams. 

1 pair brass forceps. 

Materials for the work will be found on the general shelf, on 
the individual desks or can be obtained from one of the assistants. 
Always report breakage or absence of any of the apparatus at 
the exercise during which it is noticed. 

Always invoice the desk when assigned to it or if changed to 
another, so that you will not be charged with any apparatus that 2s 
not in the desk. Report apparatus absent, if any. 



GENERAL LABORATORY RULES. 



i. Students coming more than 15 minutes after the exercise has 
commenced will be marked late, and two lates will count as 
an absence. 

2. Overcoats and umbrellas must not be brought into the labora- 
tory. They may be left in the basement cloak-room. 

3 . Keys for the desks are to be taken from the key-board on enter- 
ing the laboratory and must be returned to the board before 
leaving. 

4. Report any breakage during the exercise at which it occurs. 

5. All Solid Wastes should be placed in the jars on the desks 
and never in the sinks or on the floor. 

6. Always clean up and put away all apparatus used, sponge off 
the top of the desk and see that the desk is cleaned and locked 
before leaving. 

7. Each student will be held responsible for the proper care of 
his desk and for the safe return to the college of all apparatus 
put at his disposal, whether as an individual or as a member 
of the class. 

8. The bottles, containing materials for common use, must be 
left at the shelf and under no circumstances should they be 
carried to the individual desks. Additional supplies, if 
needed, can be obtained from the assistants. Small dishes, 
containing supplies on the individual desks, are to be left on 
the desks. 

9. Smoking, chewing tobacco and boisterous conduct in the 
laboratory are positively prohibited. 



SCALE RULES. 



Scales are assigned as follows and the desk occupants are 
responsible for the condition of the scale assigned them: 



No. i to desks i 

2 



I 9 



6. 
r 2. 

I 8. 

24. 

5°- 
6. 



No. 10 to desks 55- 60. 



" 1 r 


61- 66. 


" 12 


67- 72. 


" 13 


73- 80. 


" 14 


8i- 88. 


" 15 


89- 96. 


<< 16 


97-104. 


a I7 


T05-TI2. 


" 18 


1I3-I20. 



37-42 

43-48 

49-54 

Always lower the scale pans when through weighing, changing 
the weights, emptying the pans, etc. 

Always return the forceps and weights to their proper places 
in the scale drawer and close the drawer before leaving the 
scales. 

Always clean up anything spilled around the scales while 
weighing. 



GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR TESTS. 



Always read up the preparations of each exercise before coming 
to the laboratory. Each student is required to record his results. 

Use as small amounts of the materials in all the experiments 
as possible or as is necessary, unless otherwise directed as to the 
amount. 

The Genitive case ending is given immediately following each 
word of the official name that is not already in that case or that 
changes to form the genitive. 

Observe carefully with each specimen presented for examination : 
Crude Vegetable Drugs — 

i. Part exhibited, whether bark, leaves, wood or root. 

2. Odor. 

3. Color. 

4. Taste. 

5. Official description (N. D. or U. S. P.) 
Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

t. Color. 

2. Form (liquid or solid; crystalline, amorphous,granular,etr. ) 

3. Odor. 

4. Taste, unless cautioned not to do so. 

5. Deliquescent or efflorescent. 

6. Weight, whether comparatively heavy or not. 

7. Solubility: — Put a small amount of the specimen to be ex- 
amined in a t. t. and add about twenty times its bulk of Aqua 
Destillata from the wash bottle; agitate thoroughly and see 
whether solution occurs. If not, apply heat, gradually bring- 
ing to a boil, and notice the result. Repeat the test as above 
using Alcohol or an acid instead of the water. 



Action of Heat:—?xA a small quantity in a perfectly dry 
small t. t. and apply beat, gradually bringing to a boil or red 
ness, and notice the effect. Examine properties of the resi- 
due, if any when the tube becomes cool. 

Reaction to Litmus Paper:— Put a little of the specimen in a 
perfectly clean t. t., add a small amount of Aqua Destillata, 
gently heat, and test the reaction first with a strip of blue and 
then of red litmus paper. 



Solutions — 

i. Add the darker to the clearer or lighter liquid. 

2. 



First add a drop or two carefully and then more if necessary. 
Observe carefully any change that takes place before shak- 
" ing the tube. Shake the tube thoroughly so as to have an 
intimate mixture of the contents, if no reaction is produced 

without this. 
4. If a precipitate forms, notice whether it increases in amount 
' or redissolves as more liquid is added or as the tube is shaken. 
5 State, if possible, in your notes whether the phenomena are 
' chemical or physical, and explain if you can, the reasons for 
the reactions. 
Abbreviations — 

Look up in your text books. 
N. D.— National Dispensatory. 
N. F. — National Formulary. 
P h. B. — Potter's Hand-book of Materia Medica and 

Therapeutics. 
P. q. c.— Potter's Quiz Compend of Materia Medica. 
3_ p c. — Stewart's Pharmacy Compend. 
U s. D. — United States Dispensatory. 
U. S. P.— United States Pharmacopoeia. 
W. & W. White & Wilcox Materia Medica. 



O.OOI 


= gr- 


B 1 ?. 


O . OI 


= g r - 


%■ 


O. I 


= g r - 


*%. 


I . 


= g r - 


I5-43 2 


o . 


= lbs. 


2.7. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



METRIC WEIGHTS. (P. Q. C.) 

1 milligramme (rag.), 
1 centigramme {cg.^, 
1 decigramme ( dg.), 
1 gramme (g m -)> 

1 kilogramme (kilo), 1000. 

sight of 1 c.c. of Aqua Destillata at 4 C. 

METRIC MEASURES. (W. & W.) 
1 cubic centimetre (c.c.) (millilitre), = 0.001 = M. 16.23. 
1 litre (L.) = 1. = n. 5 33.81. 

APOTHECARIES' (TROY) WEIGHTS. (P. Q. C.) 
Pound. Ounces. Drachms. Scruples. Grains. 

lb. 5 5 

1 = 12 = 96 = 

1 = .8 • = 



3 




g r - 


288 


= 


5760 


24 


== 


480 


3 


= 


60 


1 


— 


20 



APOTHECARIES* OR WINE MEASURE. (P. Q C.) 
Gallon. Pints. Fl. ounces. Fl. drachms. Minims. 



C. O. 

1 = 8 



F1.S 




F1.5 




M. 


128 


= 


1024 


= 


61440 


16 


= 


128 


= 


7680 


1 


= 


8 
1 


=: 


480 
60 



DOMESTIC MEASURES. (W. & W.) 

A drop (gt.) is about one M. 

A tea-spoonful is about one fl.5- 

A dessert-spoonful is about two fl.5- 

A table-spoonful is about one half a fl.g. 

A wine-glassful is about one and one-half to two fl.g. 

A tea-cupful is about five fl.5. 

A breakfast-cupful is about eight fl.g. 

A glassful is about eleven fl.§. 



PRESCRIPTIONS. 



i. Study carefully the article on prescription writing in P. Q. C, 
pages 229-241, or in any text book on Materia Medica con- 
taining such an article. 

2. Look up the comparison of weights and measures P. Q. C, 
page X. 

3. Write legibly. Sign desk number for name. 

4. Use both Apothecary and Metric systems in each prescription, 
writing it in one system and placing the equivalent in the 
other system. The decimal line is preferable to the point in 
the Metric system and it is better form to fill out two decimal 
places. Roman numerals are used to indicate the Apothecary 
amounts and Arabic for the Metric amounts. Transposing 
from one system to the other take 1 gm. as equal to 15 gr., 
and ice. to 15M.; or 4 gm., or 4CC to 1 dr. (A general rule.) 

5. Each prescription should be compound and contain at least 
one of the pharmaceutical preparations considered in the 
day's exercise. 

6. Form — 

(a) Superscription: Name of the person (with age and disease 

in parenthesis so the instructor may have an idea of the 

writer's intentions), date and the sign 3^ for Recipe (take thou.) 
(6) Inscription: (Official Latin names only should be used.) 

Do not mix Latin and English names. 

Basis (always present.) 

Adjuvant (may be present.) 

Corrective (may be present.) 

Vehicle (generally present.) 



u 



Subscription: M., Mis., or Misce (mix thou) followed by 
the directions for the pharmacist, which may be in Latin and 
are better without contractions. 

(//) Signature: S., Sig. or Signa. (write thou), followed by the 
directions for the patient, written in English and with no con- 
tractions. 

The signature of the prescriber. 

Order all liquid mixtures to be thoroughly shaken, thereby 
doing all in your power to insure equable dosage. 
Prescription Writing — 

(a) Write the Subscription first. 

(/>) Determine the Basis desired and then whether necessary to 
have Adjuvant, Corrective or Vehicle present, and if so what 
of each is best. The names of the preparations composing 
the Inscription are almost always in the Genitive case, their 
amounts being in the Accusative case. 

{c) After Misce write the number of the doses required, depend- 
ing upon the character of the sickness (acute or chronic). 
Determine the kind of mixture (liquid or solid). 
Special directions for compounding if any. 

(//) After Signa write for shake label if a liquid mixture, then 
determine the size of the dose and method of its administration. 
Size of the dose depends upon the age and sex of the patient, 
individual physiological resistance and drug idiosyncrasies of 
the patient, the disease (acute or chronic), the activity of the 
preparation, the frequency and method of its administration. 

(<?) Determine the size of the dose of each preparation in the 
prescription and multiply this by the number of doses to ob- 
tain the amount of each ingredient to be used. 
Incompatibilities : Must be considered in writing the Inscrip 
tion. Always determine the reasons for them, what is formed, etc. 

(a) Chemical : — Is not always evident to the eye immediately or 
upon standing ; depends upon the principle of double decom- 
position or the possibility of the formation of less soluble or 
more volatile compounds under the conditions surrounding 
the mixtures such as changes of temperature, agitation, ex- 
posure to light, etc. May not be sufficient to interfere with 
the efficiency of the prescription. 



(6) Pharmaceutical or Pliysical : — Prescribing of preparations 
which are immiscible under the conditions surrounding the 
mixture. The changes are physical and not chemical, depend- 
ing chiefly upon the question of solvents and solubility. Usually 
occurs when solids or liquids are added to solutions thereby 
changing their density, the proportionate strength of the re- 
quired solvents, etc. 

(c) Therapeutical or Physiological : — Depends upon the physio- 
logical actions of the component preparations in the sized 
doses given and thus rendering the effects of each negative. 

LATINIZING A PRESCRIPTION. (P. Q. C.) 

TABLE OF GENITIVE CASE-ENDINGS. 



NOM. 


GEN. 


EXCEPTIONS. 


a 


ae 


Cataplasma, Enema, Physostigma, Aspidosperma 
and Gargarysma, all have the genitive in -atis. 
Cocaf is unchanged. Folia is plural; gen. 
Foliorum. 


us 
u m 

OS 

on 


i 


Rhus, Rhois; Flos, Floris; Bos, Bovis; Limon, 

Limonis; Erigeron, -ontis. 
Fructus, Cornus, Quercus, Spiritus, Haustus, 

Potus, do not change. 


as 


atis 


Asclepias, -adis; Mas, Maris. 


is 


idis 


Pulvis, -eris; Arsenis, -itis, Phosphis, -itis, Sulphis, 
-itis, and all salts ending in -is, having genitive 
in -itis. 


o 


onis 


Mucilago, -inis; Ustilago, -inis; Solidago, -inis. 


1 


lis 


Fel, Fellis; Mell, Mellis; Sumbul, Sumbuli. 


en 
ps 

rs 

r 

X 


inis 

pis 

rtis 

ris 

cis 


Words which do not change in the Genitive; 
*Amyl. Coca.f Haustus. Quercus. 
Azedarach. Cundurango. Hydrastis. Sassafras. 
Berberis. Cornus. Jaborandi. Sago. 
Buchu. Curare. Kino. Sinapis. 
Cannabis. Digitalis. Matico. Spiritus. 
Catechu. Fructus. Potus. 



Amylis, is given. 



fCocae, is given. 



VERBS. 

The verbs used in prescription-writing are nearly all in the 
imperative mood, giving directions to the compounder, and having 
their object in the accusative case. Such are — 

Adde, add. Mac era, macerate. 

Cola, strain. Misce, mix. 

Divide, divide. Recipe, take. 

Extende, spread. Signa, write. 

Fac, make. Solve, dissolve. 

Filtra, filter. Tere, rub. 

A few verbs are found in the subjunctive mood, taking their 
subject or predicate in the nominative case. The most usual are: 

Fiat, let be made. Bulliat, let boil. 

Fiant, let be made. Capiat, let take. 

Coletur, let be strained. Detur, let be given. 

Coloretur, let be colored. Dividatur, let be divided. 

Sumatur, let be taken. Sit, let it be. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Participles or Verbal Adjectives are occasionally used, and 
should agree with their respective nouns in gender, number and 
case. Such are the following, viz.: — 

Dividendus, -a, -urn, to be divided. 
Sumendus, -a, -um, to be taken. 
Adhibendus, -a, -um, to be administered. 

PREPOSITIONS. 

Those in the first column require the noun following to be 
in the accusative case, — those in the second column require the 
ablative case. 

Ad, to, up to. Cum, with. 

In, into. Pro, for. 

Supra, upon. Sine, without. 

Ana, of each, — governs the genitive case. 



SUNDRY WORDS 

Bene, well. 
Bis, twice. 
Dein, thereupon. 
Et, and. 

Gradatitn, gradually 
Guttatim, by drops. 
In dies, daily- 
Da, give. 
Non, not. 
Numerus, number. 
Ociarius, a pint. 
Semel. once. 



AND PHRASES, IN MOST FREQUENT USE. 

Simul, together. 
Statim, at once. 
Ter, thrice. 
Quater, four times. 
, Non Repetatur, let it not be repeated. 
Ad saturandum, to saturation. 
Numero, to the number of. 
Quant inn sufficiat, as much as necessary. 
Pro re naia, according to need. 
In parties (equates, into equal parts. 
Redactus in pulvercm, let be pulverized. 
Secundum artem, according to art. 



MATERIA MEDICA EXERCISES. 



MATERIA MEDICA 



EXERCISE No. 1 



PEPSINUM, I, U. S. P.— Pepsin. 

Look up its history, properties, method of preparation, and 
uses. (N. D.) 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Pepsinum,-i Saccharatum,-i, U. S. P. — Saccharated Pepsin. 

Glyceritum,-i Pepsini, N. F. — Glycerite of Pepsin. 

Liquor, -is Pepsini Aromaticus,-i, A r . P. — Aromatic Solution of 
Pepsin, Aromatic Liquid Pepsin. 

Vinum,-i Pepsini, IV. P. — Wine of Pepsin. 
Properties and Uses — 

Pepsinum and Glyceritum Pepsini are the best preparations. 

The hygroscopic properties, which are increased by the pres- 
ence of Peptone, makes them inappropriate for prescribing in 
powders. 

Aqueous solutions decompose rapidly, but Acidum Hydrochlor- 
icum will keep the solutions clear, though it will not prevent 
the loss of action on albuminous foods, etc. Glycerinum pre- 
serves and aids their actions. Saccharum Lactis is the best 
diluent for powders, pills or capsules. 

Incompatibles — 

Alcohol, Acidum Tannicum, alkali carbonates and bicarbonates 
and mineral acids. 



20 materia medica. 

Tests — 

i. Heat an aqueous solution, acidified with Acidum Hydro- 
chloricum, to boiling and note its milky change or flocculent 
white precipitate. Presence of mucus increases the opales- 
ence, especially upon the addition of Acidum Aceticum. Dry 
heat to ioo° C (2 12° F) does not affect injuriously. 

2. Add a drop of Tinctura Iodi to an aqueous solution and if a 
blue or purplish-red color does not develop, no starch or 
dextrine are present. 

3. Look up U. S. P. tests for strength and purity.- 

CARICA PAPAYA— Papain, Papayotin, Papoid. 

Look up its history, preparation and action. 

INGLUVINUM,-I— Ingluvin. 
Look up its tests, history, preparation and action. 

PANCREATINUM,-I, U. S. P.— Pancreatin. 

Look up its origin, method of preparation, composition and 
action. 

Properties and Uses — 

Very hygroscopic, hence keep in well stoppered bottles. 
Aqueous solutions are precipitated by heat, Alcohol and Acidum 

Hydrochloricum, but not by saturated solution of Sodii 

Chloridum. 
Glycerinum and Saccharum Lactis retard deterioration. 
The gastric juice interferes with its action, hence it is best given 

as enemata with food or in pills coated with shellac (enteric 

pills) which are not dissolved until in the alkaline juices of 

the intestines. 

Tests — 

1. Make a starch paste, add solution of Pancreatinum and test 
a few drops with Tinctura Iodi until failure to get a blue for- 
mation indicates complete conversion into sugar. This test 
shows its action on carbohydrates. 



22 MATERIA MEDICA. 

2. Add a little Pancreatinum solution to some Oleum Morrhuae 
and note its emulsification and how the addition of an acid 
breaks it up. 

OLEUM -I MORRHUAE, U. S. P.— Cod Liver Oil. 

Examine the specimen carefully. 

Look up its origin, preparation, properties and uses. 
Emulsified best with Mucilago or Yolk of Egg and flavored to 
suit the taste of the patient. Acids decompose the emulsions. 

MINERAL ACIDS. 

Acidum,-i Hydrochloricum,-i, U. S. P. — Hydrochloric Acid, 
HC1, 31.9%, 1.160 sp. gv. 

Acidum,-i Nitricum,-i, U. S. P. — Nitric Acid, HNO : „ 68%, 
1. 414 sp. gv. 

Acidum,-i Sulphuricum,-i, U. S. P. — Sulphuric Acid, H. ? SO, 
92.5%, 1.835 sp. gv. 

Acidum,-i Phosphoricum,-i, U. S. P. — Phosphoric Acid, H 3 P0 4 , 
85%, 1. 710 sp. gv. 

All have dilute (10%) preparations. 

Look up in N. D. and try their incompatibilities. 

Write a Prescription. 



EXERCISE No. 2. 



ARSENUM,-I— Arsenic— As. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Acidum,-i Arsenosum,-i, U. S. P. — Arsenous Acid — As 2 ;i , 

White Arsenic, Arsenic. 
Liquor, -is Acidi Arsenosi, U. S. P. — Solution of Arsenous Acid. 
Liquor, -is Potassii Arsenitis, U. S. P. — Solution of Potassium 

Arsenite. 
Sodii Arsenas,-atis, U. S. P. — Sodium Arsenate — Na 2 HAsO.. 

7 H 2 0. 
Liquor,— is Sodii Arsenates, U. S. P. — Solution of Sodium 

Arsenate. 
Arseni Lodidum,-i, U. S. P. — Arsenic Iodide — Asl 3 . 
Liquor, -is Arseni et Hydrargyri lodidi, U. S. P. — Solution of 

Arsenic and Mercuric Iodide. 
Which is Donovan's, Fowler's and Pearson's solution? 
Look up poisoning and its treatment. 

Prepare Liquor Potassii Arsenitis — 

Take i gm. Acidum Arsenosum and 2 gm. Potassii Bicarbonas 
and boil with 10 cc. Aqua Destillata in a small beaker or t.t. 
until completely dissolved; add enough Aqua Destillata to 
make the solution when cold measure 97CC. and then add 3CC 
Tinctura Lavendulae Composita. Filter through paper if 
necessary. 

Incompatibles — 

Liquor Calcis, Ferrum Salts and Magnesium. 

(24) 



- 



2 () MATERIA MEDICA. 

BISMUTHUM.-I- Bismuth— Bi. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Bismuthi Subcarbonas,-atis, U. S. P. — Bismuth Subcarbonate, 

(BiO) 2 C0 3 .H,0. 
Bismuthi Sub nitr as,— atis , U. S. P. — Bismuth Subnitrate, 

BiON0 3 H 2 0. 
Bismuthi Subgalias f -atis. — Bismuth Subgallate — Dermatol. 
Suspended in Mucilago is one of the best ways to administer 
them. 

MANGANUM,-I— Manganese— Mn. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Mangani Dioxidum,-i, U. S. P. — Manganese Dioxide, Mn0 2 . 
Potassii Permanganas,-atis, U. S. P. — Potassium Permangan- 
ate, KMn0 4 . 
Potassii Pcrma?iganas acts chiefly as an oxidizer, during which 
process it loses its color, as is shown by adding an aqueous 
solution to Alcohol or Acidum Oxalicum solution. 
Best administered as pill or tablet with the excipient Kaolin. 
Acidum Sulphurosum removes the stains forming Acidum 
Sulphuricum. 

Prescribed with Alcohol, Glycerinum or an Oleum they should 
be thoroughly triturated together before adding water. Also with 
Acidum Carbolicum. 

FERRUM,-I, U. S. P.— Iron— Fe. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Ferrum,-i Reductum,-i, U. S. P. — Reduced Iron. 

Ferri Oxidum,-i ffydratum,-i, U. S. P. — Ferric Hydroxide 

(Hydrate), Fe 2 (OH) 6 . 
Fori Oxidum,-i Hydratum,-i cum Magnesia, U. S. P. — Ferric 

Hydroxide (Hydrate) with Magnesia — Arsenic Antidote. 
Fern Pyrophosphas,-atis Solubilis, U. S. P. — Soluble Ferric 

Pyrophosphate. 



28 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Ferri Sulp]ias,-atis, U. S. P. — Ferrous Sulphate — Copperas, 
FeS0 4 .7HX>. 

Liquor, -is Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis, U. S. P. — Solution of 
Iron and Ammonium Acetate — Basham's Mixture. 

Massa,-ae Ferri Carbonatis, XJ. S. P. — Mass of Ferrous Car- 
bonate — Vallet's Mass. 

Syrupus,~i Ferri lodidi, U. S. P. — Syrup of Ferrous Iodide. 

Tinctura, -ae Ferri Chloridi, U. S. P. — Tincture of Ferric 
Chloride. 

Prepare Ferri Oxidum Hydratum — 

Add iccc. Tinctura Ferri Chloridi, with constant stirring, to 
a mixture of 15CC. Aqua Ammonia and 75CC. Aqua Destillata; 
filter and wash the precipitate thoroughly. 
How is this used in Arsenical poisoning? What is the reaction? 

Incompatible* — 

Acids, acidulous salts, alkalies and their carbonates (general). 

Acidum Tannicum and Acidum Gallicum and all vegetable as- 
tringents and bitters except Quassia and Calumba. 

Ferric salts (if strong solutions) render Mucilago gelatinous. 

Acidum Phosphoricum Dilutum will clear up precipitate in mix- 
tures containing Tinctura Digitalis. 

Free acid of Tinctura Ferri Chloridi will destroy enamel of the 
teeth unless diluted T-9 or more with water. 

Liquid mixtures are best taken through a glass tube. 

Try Tinctura Ferri Chloridi with solution Sodii Bicarbonas, 
Liquor Calcis, Acidum Tannicum and Tinctura Digitalis, 
adding Acidum Phosphoricum Dilutum to the last mixture. 

Prescriptions — "Write a Compound One. 



EXERCISE No. 3. 



BITTERS. 



Look up difference in action of Simple and Aromatic Bitters 
in P. Q. C. 

CALUMBA, -AE, U. S. P.— Colombo. 

EUCALYPTUS, -I, U. S. P.— Eucalyptus. 

GENTIANA,-AE, U. S. P.— Gentian. 

HYDRASTIS, U. S. P.— Hydrastis— Golden Seal, Yellow-root. 

QUASSIA,-AE, U. S. P.— Quassia— Bitter-wood, Bitter-ash. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Extractu?n,-i Calumbae Eluidum,—i, U. S. P. — Fluid Extract 

of Calumba. 
Tinctura,—ae Calumbae, U. S. P. — Tincture of Calumba. 
Extractuniy-i Eucalypti Eluidum,-i, U. S. P. — Fluid Extract 

of Eucalyptus. 
Eucalyptol, U. S. P. — Eucalyptol. 
Oleum, -i Eucalypti, U. S. P. — Oil of Eucalyptus. 
Extraction, -i Gentianae, U. S. P. — Extract of Gentian. 
Extracium,-i Gentianae Fluiduni,-i, U. S. P. — Fluid Extract of 

Gentian. 
Tinctura, -ae Gentianae Composila,-ae, U. S. P. — Compound 

Tincture of Gentian. 
Extractuni,-i Hydrastis Fluiduni,-i, U. S. P. — Fluid Extract of 

Hydrastis. 
Glyceritum,-i Hydrastis, U. S. E. — Glvcerite of Hydrastis. 
Hydrastininae Hydrochloras,-atis, U. S. P. — Hydrastinine Hy- 

drochlorate. 

(30) 



32 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Tinctura,~ae Hydrastis, U. S. P. — Tincture of Hydrastis. 
Extractum,-i Quassiae, U. S. P. — Extract of Quassia. 
Extractum,-i Quassiae Fluidum,-i, U. S. P. — Fluid Extract of 
Quassia. 

Examine samples of Calumba, Gentiana and Hydrastis roots, 
Eucalyptus leaves and Quassia wood. 

Properties — 

Calumba, Gentiana and Quassia are not astringent bitters; 
Quassia is the most bitter. 

Gentiana is incompatible with Argenti Nitras, Ferrum and Plum- 
bum salts. The Ferrum salts darken the Gentiana coloring 
matters. 

CINCHONA,-AE, U. S. P. 

Study Cinchona and its preparations in N. D. and W. & W. 
See No. 20. 

Read article on Tinctura and Percolation in N. D. or S. P. C. 
Cinchonism — Read up. Alkaline bromides or Acidum Hydro- 
bromicum Dilutum are the best preventatives. 

CINCHONA.-AE. U. S. P.— Cinchona Calisaya— Yellow Cinchona. 
Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Extractum,-i CincJionac, U. S. P. — Extract of Cinchona. 
Tinctura, -ae Cinchonae, U. S. P. — Tincture of Cinchona. 
Infusum,-i Cinchonac, U. S. P. — Infusion of Cinchona. 

CINCHONA.-AE RUBRA.-AE, U. S. P.— Red Cinchona- 
Red Peruvian Bark. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Tinctura, -ae Cinchonae Composita,-ae, U. S. P. — Compound 
Tincture of Cinchona. 

Incompattbles — 

Cinchona with Aqua Ammoniae, Liquor Calcis, Gelatina and 
metallic salts. 



34 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Infusum Cinchonae with free Acidum Tannicum. 

Tinctura Cinchonae with Aqua, becoming cloudy from precipi- 
tation. 

Preparations containing the alkaloids in solution, with Iodum, 
alkalies and their carbonates, and the alkaline earths; the first 
forming insoluble iodides with them and the latter precipita- 
ting them from solution. 

1. Try Tinctura Ferri Chloridi with a Calumba, a Gentiana, a 
Quassia, a Hydrastis and a Cinchona preparation each. 

2. Try Infusum Cinchonae with Tinctura Iodi. 

3. Try Tinctura Cinchonae with Aqua Destillata, Sodii Bicar- 
bonas Solution, Liquor Potassae and Liquor Calcis each. 

Prescriptions — 

Correctives — Preparations of Glycyrrhiza and Eriodictyon dis- 
guise the bitter taste. Syrups, especially of Rubus and Rubus 
Idaeus, are also used. The alkaloidal preparations are easier 
administered in capsules, but act best when in solution with 
a little Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum as an aid to the 
solution and the taste. 

Write a Prescription. 



EXERCISE No. 4, 



ALKALIES. 

Examine the preparations, noting color, odor and reaction only 
of the liquids. 

AMMONlUM,-I-NH 4 . 
CALCIUM-I— Ca. 
LITHIUM,-I— Li. 
POTASSIUM, -I— K. 
SODIUM, I - -Na. 

Pharmaceu riCAL Preparations — 

Aqua,-ae Ammoniac, l r . S. P. — Ammonia Water, \o c / c by weight, 

0.960 sp. gv. 
Aqua,-ae Ammoniae Fortior,-oris, U. S. P. — Stronger Water of 

Ammonia, 28% by weight, 0.901 sp. gv. 
Ammonii Carl>onas,-atis, U. S. P. — Ammonium Carbonate, Ba- 
ker's Ammonia, Hartshorn — NH 4 HC0 3 NH,NH 2 CO r , 
Ammonii Chloridum,-i, U. S. P. — Sal Ammoniac, Muriate of 

Ammonia, NH 4 C1. 
Liquor, -is Ammonii Acetatis, U. S. P. — Solution of Ammonium 

Acetate, Spirit of Mindererus. 
Spirit us Ammoniae, U. S. P. — Spirit of Ammonia, Ammoniated 

Alcohol. 
Spiritus Ammoniae Aromatic us, i, U. S. P. — Aromatic Spirit of 

Ammonia, Sal Volatile. 
Calcii Caroonas,~atis Prccipitatus,~i, U. S. P. — Precipitated 

Calcium Carbonate, Creta Praecipitata, CaC0 3 . 
Creta,-ae Preparata,-ae, U. S. P. — Prepared Chalk, CaCOo. 

(36) 



3d MATERIA MEDICA. 

Liquor, -is Calcis, U. S. P. — -Solution of Lime, Lime Water. 
Lithii Carbonas,-atis, U. S. P. — Lithium Carbonate, Li 2 CO v 
Lithii Citras,-ali\, U. S. /'.—Lithium Citrate, Li 3 C 6 H 5 7 . 
Potassii Acetas,-atis, U. S. P. — Potassium Acetate, KC 2 H 3 2 . 
Potassii Biearbonas,-atis, U. S. P. — Potassium Bicarbonate, 
KHCO ;! . 

Potassii Carbonas,-atis, U. S. P. — Potassium Carbonate, Salt of 

Tartar, K,CO,. 
Potassii Citras,-atis, U. S. P. — Potassium Citrate, K 3 C fi H :) T . 

H 2 0. 
Potassii Nitras.-atis, U. S. P. — Potassium Nitrate, Saltpetre, 

KNO,. 
Liquor, -is Potassae, U. S. P. — Solution of Potassa, 5%, Po- 
tassium Hydroxide (Hydrate.) 
Sodii Acetas,-atis, U. S. P. — Sodium Acetate, NaC>H 3 2 . 3 H 2 0. 
Sodii Bicarbonas.- a/is, [\ S. P. — Sodium Bicarbonate, Baking 

Soda, NaHCO,, 
Sodii Carbo7ias,-atis, U. S. P. — Sodium Carbonate, Washing 

Soda, Na 2 CO :v ioH 2 0. 
Sodii Carbonas,-atis Exsiccatus,-i, U. S. P. — Dried Sodium 

Carbonate, Na 2 CO,.2H,0. 
Sodii C/i/oridum,-i, U. S. P. — Sodium Chloride, Table Salt, 

Common Salt, NaCl. 
Prepare Linimentum,-i Ammoniae ( Volatile Liniment): Put 35CC. 
Aqua Ammoniae in a four ounce vial, add 5CC. Alcohol, shake 
well, and add 6occ. Oleum Olivae or Oleum Gossypii Seminis; 
shake thoroughly to emulsify. 
This may be used alone or as a vehicle for Oleum Terebinthinae 
or other oils but not for alkaloidal preparations, Chloroformum, 
Chloral, etc., because of their chemical incompatibility with Aqua 
Ammoniae. 

Add a little of the liniment to a solution of Chloral and heat; 
note the resulting odor. What occurs? 



40 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Incompatibles — Tell what occurs in each case — 

Acids, acid salts and alkaloids, hence Tincturae containing alka- 
loids, 
i . Try Sodii Bicarbonas with Acidura Hydrochloricum Dilutum. 

2. Try Potassii Acetas with Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum. 

3. Try Liquor Potassae with Quininae Sulphas solution. 

4. Try Bismuthi Subnitras with Sodii Bicarbonas solution. 

Liquores decompose the Ammonium preparations and the alka- 
loids of Belladonna, Hyoscvamus and Stramonium and me- 
tallic salts. 

5. Try Liquor Potassae with Tinctura Belladonnae and Tinc- 
tura Ferri Chloridi each. 

6. Try Liquor Ammonii Acetatis with Acidum Hydrochloricum 
Dilutum, Liquor Potassae (heat) and Plumbi Acetas solution 
each. 

7. Try Creta Preparata with Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum 
and Magnesii Sulphas solution each. 

Prescriptions — Write a compound one containing an alka- 
line preparation. 

Note — Alkalies should always be given well diluted, hence in 
directions for their use order the dose given in a half glass of water. 
Be careful not to make the bulk of the prescription too large but 
rather order the dose to be diluted at the time of its administration. 
Liquid prescriptions should be made in even ounces and not in 
fractions of an ounce. Preferably as 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 or 8 ounces or 
their equivalent amounts in the metric system and always require 
a shake label. 



EXERCISE No. 5. 



VEGETABLE ACIDS. 

ACIDUM.-I ACETICUM,-I, U. S P.— Acetic Acid. 
ACIDUM.-I C1TRICUM.-I, U. S. P.— Citric Acid. 
ACIDUM,! TARTARICUM,-I, U. S. P.— Tartaric Acid. 

Read up in N. D. and examine their properties. 

Incompatibles — Reasons in each case. 

All alkalies chemically but they are synergistic therapeutically. 

i. Try Acidum Aceticum with Sodii Bicarbonas solution. 

2. Try Acidum Citricum with Potassii Acetas and Potassi 
Tartras solutions each. 

3. Try Acidum Tartaricum with Acidum Tannicum and Plumbi 
Acetas solutions each and with Liquor Calcis. 

SULPHUR, IS, U. S. P.— Sulphur,-S. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Sulphur y -is Sub?imaium,-i, U. S. P. — Sublimed Sulphur, Flowers 

of Sulphur. 
Sulphur, -is Lot urn, U. S. P. — Washed Sulphur. 
Sulphur y-is Praecipitatum,-i, U. S. P. — Precipitated Sulphur, 

Milk of Sulphur. 
Iihtliyolum, -i — Ichthy ol . 
Sodii HyposulphiSy-itis, U. S. P. — Sodium Hyposulphite or 

Thiosulphate, Na,S 2 :i -5H 2 0. 

Unguentum,-i Sulphur is, U. S. P. — Sulphur Ointment. 

(42) 



44 materia medica. 

Properties — 

Read up preparations, etc., in N. D. and examine the samples. 
Which is the usual preparation of Sulphur? 

Sulphur Sublimatum contains some free acid and should not 
be usee 11 , internally. 

Prepare Unguentum Sulphuris — 

Place 14 gra. Unguentum in a glass mortar or on the pill tile 
and gradually add 6 gm. Sulphur Lotum, rubbing well together 
while adding the Sulphur Lotum. 
How is Unguentum prepared and what are the advantages of 
Adeps Benzoinatus? 

IXCOMPATIBLES 

All oxidizing agents readily forming sulphates; mineral acids, etc. 

1. Try Sodii Hyposulphis solution with Acidum Hydrochlori- 
cum Dilutum and with Potassii Permanganas solution each. 

IODUM,-I, U. S. P.— Iodine,-I. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Iodoformum,-i, U. S. P. — Iodoform, CHL. 

Iodol— Tetraiodopyrrol, CJ 4 NH. 

Liquor, -is lodi Compositus,-i, U. S. P. — Compound Solution of 
Iodine, Lugol's Solution. 

Tinctura,-ae lodi, U. S. P. — Tincture of Iodine. 

Unguentum, -i Jodi, U. S. P. — Iodine Ointment. 

Ammonii Iodidum,-i, U. S. P. — Ammonium Iodide, NH 4 I. 

Potassii Iodidu?n,-i, U. S. P. — Potassium Iodide, KI. 

Sodii Iodidum,-i, U. S. P. — Sodium Iodide, Nal. 
Incompatibles — 

i. Try Tinctura lodi with Aqua Ammoniae (alkaline hydrox- 
ides), Acidum Nitrium (mineral acids), and Sodii Hyposulphis 
solution (reducing agents) each. 

2. Try Liquor lodi Compositus with Quininae Sulphas (alka- 
loids) and Plumbi Acetas solutions (mineral salts) each. 



46 MATERIA MEDICA. 

3. Make an alcoholic solution of Iodum in a test tube, add to 
a little Amylum paste in a small dish; Amylum Iodatum is 
formed and its color is distinctive for the presence of free 
Iodum. 

4. Any alkaline hydroxide or any reducing agent will decolorize 
Iodum solutions or stains, forming the iodide of the base of 
the agent used (with other compounds of Iodum), hence col- 
orless solutions of Iodum are no more active than iodide so- 
lutions. 

Acidum Carbolicum is one of the best agents in preparing 
these colorless solutions. 

5. Try Potassii Iodidi solution with Bismuthi Subnitras. 

6. Why are the iodides incompatible with Spiritus Aetheris Ni- 
trosi, Amylum and Glycyrrhiza preparations ? 

Pkkscriptions — 

Carefully consider the question of incompatibility before and 

while writing a prescription. 
Write a compound prescription containing an Iodum preparation 

as the base. 
Iodum may form explosive compounds with Ammonia, Hydrar- 

gyri Oxidum Flavum, Argenti Nitras,Glycerinum and Essentiae. 

Be careful in prescribing compounds containing Iodum, as it 

may be freed and form an explosive. 
Iodoform odor may be disguised by Oleum Mentha Piperita, Oleum 

Fennel, Oleum Anisum, Balsamum Peruvianum, Coumarin, 

etc. Oleum Terebinthinae will remove the odor from vessels. 



EXERCISE No. 6. 



COLCHICUM,-I, U. S. P.— Colchicum, Meadow -Saffron. 

Colchici Radix, -it is, U. S. P. — Colchicum-Root. 
Co/chin' Semen, -inis, U. S. P. — Colchicum-Seed. 
Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Vinum,-i, Colchici Radii is. U. S. J\ — Wine of Colchicum Root. 
Vinum,-i, Colchici Seminis, U. S. P. — Wine of Colchicum Seed. 
Colchicina,-ae — Colchicine. 

Examine desk samples and look up pharmaceutical preparations. 
Prepare Vinu.m Colchici Radicis — 

Place 25gm. Colchici Radix (No. 30 powder) in the large evapo- 
rating disli and moisten thoroughly with 25CC of the mens- 
truum, which consists of [5 parts Alcohol and 85 parts Vinum 
Album. 
Place the percolator in position, suspending from the small ring 
of the retort stand and placing a small wad of cotton in the 
lower end. 
After the powder has macerated 20-30 minutes put it into the 
percolator, being careful not to pack too tight, add the 
menstruum gradually until all has been added, requiring about 
65CC. additional and making 60-65CC. of the wine. 

Incompatibles — 

All vegetable and metallic astringents. Tinctura Iodi and Tinc- 
tura Guaiaci. 

HYDRARGYRUM,-I, U. S. P.— Mercury— Hg. Quicksilver. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Hydrargyri Chloridum,—i Corroswum,-i, U. S. P. — Corrosive 
Mercuric Chloride — Bichloride of Mercury, Corrosive Subli- 
mate, Mercuric Chloride — HgCk 

(48) 



50 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Hydrargyri Chloridum,-i Mite, -is, U. S. P. — Mild Mercurous 
Chloride — Mercurous Chloride, Subchloride, Calomel — HgCl 
or HgXL. 

Hydrargyri Iodidum,-i Flavum,-i, U. S. P. — Yellow Mercurous 
Iodide — Protoiodide of Mercury — Hgl or Hg,J. ? . 

Hydrargyri Iodidum,-i Rubrum,-i, U. S. P. — Red Mercuric 
Iodide — Biniodide — HgL. 

Hydrargyri Oxidum,-i Flavin?i,-i, U. S. P. — Yellow Mercuric 
Oxide— HgO. 

Hydrargyri Oxidum,-i Rub rum, -i, U. S. P. — Red Mercuric 
Oxide — Red Precipitate — HgO. 

Hydrargyri Sub sulphas, —atis Flavus,-i, U. S. P. — Yellow Mer- 
curic Subsulphate — Basic Mercuric Sulphate, Turpeth Min- 
eral— Hg(HgO)oS0 4 . 

Hydrargyrum, -i Ammoniatum,-i, U. S. P. — Ammoniated Mer- 
cury — White Precipitate, Mercur-amnionium Chloride — 
NH 2 HgCl. 

Hydrargyrum, -i Cum Crcta, U. S. P. — Mercury with Chalk. 

Massa,-ae Hydrargyri, U. S. P. — Mass of Mercury — Blue Mass, 
Blue Pill. 

Unguentum,-i Hydrargyri, U. S. P. — Mercurial Ointment — Blue 
Ointment. 

Ointments of the iodides and oxides are also official. 

Examine the chlorides, iodides and oxides. 

Incompatibles — 

Almost all preparations, especially with the chlorides. 

i. Add to Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum solution a little 
of each of the following solutions: Acidum Tannicum, Al- 
bumen, Argenti Nitras, Potassii Iodidum, Sapo and Sodii Bi- 
carbonas. 

2. Add some Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite to Plumbi Acetas 
solution. 

3. Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite with lodum, chlorides, alkaline 
earths, alkalies, alkaline carbonates and acids. 

4. Hydrargyri cum Creta with acids and acidulous salts. 



5 2 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Read article on Pilulae in N. D., W. & W., etc. 

Place a little Lycopodium or Glycyrrhiza on the pill tile, weigh 
out i2gr. Massa Hydrargyri and make into six pills, being 
careful to have the pills of equal size. 

AURUM,-I— Gold— Au. 

Auri et Sodii Chloridum f -i — Chloride of Gold and Sodium. 

GUAIACUM,!— Guaiac. 

Guaiaci Lignum,-!, U. S. P. — Guaiacum-Wood — Lignum vitre. 
Guaiaci Resina,-ae, U. S. P. — Guaiac — Guaiac resin. 
Examine desk samples of each. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Tinctura,-ae Guaiaci, U. S. P. — Tincture of Guaiac (Resin). 
Tinctura,-ae Guaiaci Ammoniata,-ae, U. S. P. — Ammoniated 
Tincture of Guaiac. 

Incompatibles — 

The Resina is the chief cause. 

i. Add Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum, Aqua Destillata and 
Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi each to separate portions of Tinc- 
tura Guaiaci. 

Prescriptions — 

Write a compound one. 

Remember that size of dose depends upon age of the patient, 
strength of the drugs used, stage and character of sickness, 
frequency of administration, idiosyncrasies of the patient, etc. 

Write the Superscription first, then that part of the Inscription 
consisting of the names of the drugs (regarding their, incom- 
patibles closely), then the Subscription and the Signature. 
Knowing the frequency and number of the doses determine 
the size and then the product of the size of the dose (of the 
individual preparations) by their number gives the amount of 
each ingredient to be put into the mixture. 



EXERCISE No. 7. 



SARSAPARILLA,-AE, U. S. P.— Sarsaparilla (root). 

Examine the desk sample of the root. Look up its official de- 
scription (N. D.) 

Prepare Syrupus-i Sarsaparillae Compositus-i, U. S. P. — 
Pour i2cc. Extractum Sarsaparillae Fluidum, .ice. Extractum 
Glycyrrhizae Fluidum, . ice. Extractum Sennae Fluidum (. ice. 
equals 2 minims) into a graduate; add to them a small drop 
of each of the following oils: Oleum Anisum, Oleum Gaulthe- 
riae and Oleum Sassafras, and mix thoroughly; then add 
enough Aqua Destillata to make the volume up to 37.5CC. and 
mix well. Set aside for an hour and then filter or strain 
through a cloth into a beaker and dissolve 40 gm. Saccharum 
in the filtrate by aid of gentle heat; cool, strain and add Aqua 
Destillata to make 62. 5cc. Mix thoroughly. Wash cloth and 
return to the desk. 
Note. — The chief use of the compound decoction or syrup is as 
a vehicle or menstruum for preparations of lodum or Hydrar- 
gyrum, though it is chemically incompatible with lodum be- 
cause of its Amylum constituents. 

Incompatibles — 

Alkalies favor the decomposition of its preparations. 

VEGETABLE ASTRINGENTS. 

Acidum,-i Galluum,-/, U. S. P.— Gallic Acid— C 6 H 2 (OH) 3 . 
COOH + H,0. 

(54) 



56 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Acidum, -i Tannicum,-i, U. S. P. — Tannic Acid — Tannin — Di- 

gallic Acid. 
Read up preparation of each in N. D. and examine samples. 

Incompatibles — 

Reasons for and results in each case. 

i. Try solutions of Acidum Gallicum and Acidum Tannicum 
each with each of the following: Tinctura Ferri Chloridi, not- 
ing results and heating; Gelatina; Plumbi Acetas solution; 
Liquor Potassae; Ferri Sulphas solution (which reacts); Qui- 
ninae Sulphas solution and Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum (min- 
eral acids). 

METALLIC ASTRINGENTS. 

Argenti Nitras,-atis, U. S. P. — Silver Nitrate — AgN0 3 . 

Argenti Nitras Dilutus, U. S. P. 

Argenti Nitras Fusus, U. S. P. 
Cupri Sulphas, -atis, U.S. P. — Copper Sulphate — Blue Vitriol — 

CuS0 4 5H 2 0. 
Examine Argenti Nitras and Cupri Sulphas and read up their 

preparation. 

Incompatibles — 

i. Try solution of each with each of the following: Acidum 

Tannicum solution; Potassii Iodidum solution; Sodii Bicar- 

bonas solution; Sodii Chloridum solution. 
2. Why use Aqua Destillata for Argenti Nitras solutions? 

Properties — 

Argentum stains can be removed by solutions of Potassii Cya- 

nidum, Sodii Hyposulphis or Tinctura Iodi. 
Describe the characteristic reaction or chemical test for the 

presence of a salt of Argentum. What use is made of this 

reaction ? 



58 materia medic a. 

Prescriptions — 

John Jones. July 9th, 1897. 

B* Potassii Iodidi 6 . 00 

Syrupi Sarsaparillae Compositi 60.00 

Aquae Destillatae, q. s. ad 1 28 . 00 

Misce. Fiat solutio. (Note.) 

Signa. — Shake well. Take a dessertspoonful every six 
hours. 

M. D. 

Note. — Dissolve the Potassii Iodidum in a little Aqua Destillata, 
add the Syrupus Sarsaparillae Compositus and then Aqua Des- 
tillata to the required amount. 

Would the above prescription be compatible if Liquor Potassae 
6cc. were to be added ? 



EXERCISE No. 8. 



METALLIC ASTRINGENTS. 

Plumbum-i and Zincum-i Preparations — 

Plumbi Acetas,-atis, U. S. P. — Lead Acetate — Sugar of Lead — 

Pb (CoH,0,), 3 H,0. 
Zinei Oxidum,-i, U. S. P. — Zinc Oxide — ZnO. 
Zinci Sulphas, -atis, U. S. P. — Zinc Sulphate — White Vitriol — 

ZnS0 4 .7H 2 0. 
Examine the three above preparations. 

I ^COMPATIBLES 

Use solutions of Plumbi Acetas and Zinci Sulphas. 

i. Try each with Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum; Albumen 

solution; Liquor Potassae; Potassii Iodidum solution; Sodii 

Bicarbonas solution; hard water. 

2. Try with each other. What is the advantage of this mixture? 

3. What results when Plumbum and Opium preparations are 
combined (W. & W.)? 

ALUMEN,-INIS, U. S. P.— Alum, Potassium Alum. 

What is the chemical structure of the official Alumen? 

Why is the term Alum used when the compounds contain no 
Aluminum? 

Read up the subject in the N. D. 

1. Add Liquor Potassae to Alumen solution and heat and if 
it is the Ammonium Alum Ammonia gas will be evolved and 
this can be tested by holding a piece of moistened red litmus 
paper over the top of the t. t. used. Try this test. 

(60) 



62 materia medica. 

Incompatibles — 

Alkalies; Calcium, Ferrum, Hydrargyrum and Plumbum salts; 

Tartrates: vegetable astringents and Albumen. 
How is Alumen Exsiccatum prepared? 
What causes the white coating on Alumen when exposed to the 

air? 

NUX,-CIS VOMICA,-AE, U. S. P. -Nux Vomica, Poison 

Nut. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — - 

Extractum,-i Nucis Vomicae, U. S. /^.--Extract of Nux Vomica. 
Extractum,-i Nucis Vomicae Fluidum,-i, U. S. P. — Fluid Extract 

of Nux Vomica. 
Tinctura,-ae Nucis Vomicae, U. S. P. — Tincture of Nux Vomica. 
Slrychninae Sulphas, -at is, U. S. T 5 .— Strychnine Sulphate. 
Brucina, -ae — Brucine. 
Read up in N. D. and examine preparations. 

Incompatibles — 

i. Chemically with solutions of Bromides, Chlorides and 
Iodides and the tannins. Why is this the case? 

2. Try Tinctura Nucis Vomicae with Potassii Iodidum solution. 

3. Physiologically with Chloral, Chloroformum, Aether, Tabac- 
um, etc. Why? 

Properties — 

How would Strychnina and Acidum Salicylicum be differentiated 
physically and chemically? Try each with Tinctura Ferri 
Chloridi. 

IGNATIA,-AE— Strychnos Ignatia. 

Examine desk sample of Strychnos Ignatia. 
Prescriptions — 

Write one containing Nux Vomica in pills or capsules for a case 
of heart trouble. (W. & W.) 



64 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Compound the following: 

John Doe. (Dyspepsia.) July nth, 1897. 

R Tincturae Nucis Vomicae 6.50 

Acidi Hydrochlorici Diluti 4.50 

Tincturae Gentianae 54. 00 

Misce. 

Signa. — Shake well. Take a teaspoonful in half 
a glass of water after each meal. 
Note — Why should Potassii Bromidum not be 'added to the 
above prescription? 

Quiz Follows this Exercise. 



EXERCISE No. 9, 



DIGITALIS, U. S. P.— Digitalis— Foxglove Leaves. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Extraction, -i Digitalis, U. S. P. — Extract of Digitalis. 

Extr actum, -i Digitalis Fluidum,-i, U. S. P. — Fluid Extract of 

Digitalis. 
Infusum,-i Digitalis, U. S. P. — Infusion of Digitalis. 
Tinctura,-ae Digitalis, U. S. P. — Tincture of Digitalis. 
Examine desk sample of Digitalis and Tinctura Digitalis. 

Prepare Infusum Digitalis — 

Weigh out 1.5 gm. Digitalis leaves, bruise or break them, put 
into a beaker, pour 50CC. boiling Aqua Destillata on them and 
allow to macerate until cold. Strain through a cloth and 
add iocc. Alcohol and 15CC Aqua Cinnamomi to the strained 
liquid and then pass enough Aqua Destillata through the 
strainer to make ioocc. Replace washed cloth in desk. 

How do Infusi and Decocti differ ? 

Incompatibles — 

Chemical — Cinchona preparations, Plumbi Acetas, Ferri Sulphas, 

Tinctura Ferri Chloridi. 
Physiological — Acidum Tannicum, Aconitum (for rapid action), 

Lobelia, Opium (for long continued action), Saponin and 

Senegin. 
Cold, Belladonna and Ergota are synergistics. 

1. Try Tinctura Digitalis with Tinctura Ferri Chloridi. What 
will make this clear? 

2. Try Infusum Digitalis with Acidum Tannicum and Plumbi 
Acetas solutions each. 

(66) 



68 materia medica. 

Properties — 

Explain possible cumulative action of Digitalis. 

Best not mixed with mineral acids or in a syrupy or aqueous 

menstruum. 
Contains Glucosides but no Alkaloidal constituents. How do 

these differ ? 
Digitalis has better general action; Infusum Digitalis is best 

preparation in kidney troubles; Tinctura Digitalis is best 

preparation in cardiac troubles. 

ERGOTA, AE, U. S. P.— Ergot— Spurred Rye. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Extractum,-i Ergotae, U. S. P. — Extract of Ergot. 
Extractum,-i Ergotae Eluidum^—i, II. S. P. — Fluid Extract of 

Ergot. 
E?'gotinum — Ergotine. 
Examine desk sample of Ergota and look up official description. 

Incompatibles — 

Chemically with caustic alkalies and metallic salts; try Liquor 

Potassae and Plumbi Acetas solution with Extractum Ergotae 

FLuidum. 
Physiologically with Amylum Nitris, Aconitum, Lobelia, Tabacum 

and Veratrum Viride on the circulation. 
Belladonna, Digitalis, cold and electricity increase effects on 

circulation. 
Borax, Gossypium, Rue, Sabina, etc. , increase parturient actions. 

Properties — 

Ammonia is the best solvent for the active principle. 

Aqua Chloroformi may be used as a corrective for the taste. 

Hypodermically if rapid action is desired. 

Ergota is rarely of any value if over a year old, and powdered 

Ergota if over a few months old, as the oil becomes rancid. 
Contains an oil, a resin, acids, phosphates and alkaloids. 
Acidum Phosphoricum Dilutum should be used when prescribed 

with Tinctura Ferri Chloridi ? Why? 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



Prescriptions — 

i. Write a compound one. 
2. Criticise the following : 

Richard Roe. June 2, 1897. 

1^ Extracti Digitalis o 06 

Extracti Gentianae 2 40 

Glyceriti Amyli, q. s. 

M. — Fiant pilulae No. VI. 

S. — Take one every six hours until desired effect. 

Note. — Triturate well together in a mortar and divide into six 
pills of equal size on the pill tile. 

Transpose the amounts of the above prescription into the Apoth- 
ecary system. 



Quiz Follows this Exercise. 



EXERCISE No. 10. 



CIMICIFUGA,-AE, U. S. P.— Cimicifuga— Black Snakeroot, Black Cohosh. 
SCILLA,-AE, U. S. P.— Squill; Squills. 
STROPHANTUS,-I, U. S. P.— Strophantus. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Extractum,—i Cimicifugae, U. S. P. — Extract of Cimicifuga. 
Extractum,-i Cimicifuga Fluidum, U. S. P. — Fluid extract of 

Cimicifuga. 
Tinctura,-ae Cimicifugae, U. S. P. — Tincture of Cimicifuga. 
Acetum,-i Scillae, U. S. P. — Vinegar of Squill. 
Extractum,-i, Scillae Fluidum,-i, U. S. P. — Fluid Extract of 

Squill. 
Syrupus,— z Scillae, U. S. P. — Syrup of Squill. 
Syrupus 3 -i Scillae Co7iipositus,-i, U. S. P. — Compound Syrup of 

Squill — Coxe's Hive Syrup, Hive Syrup. 
Tinctura,~ae Strophanti;/', U. S. ^.—Tincture of Strophantus. 

Examine desk samples of Cimicifuga and Scilla and also the 
Extractum Scillae Fluidum and Tinctura Strophanthi. 

Prepare Syrupus Scillae — 

Heat i ice. Acetum Scillae to the boiling point in a beaker and 
filter while hot. Dissolve 2ogm. Saccharum in the hot nitrate 
by agitation and without further heating strain through a cloth 
and when cold add enough Aqua Destillata through the 
strainer to make 25CC. Mix thoroughly and keep for use in 
prescription No. 3 below. Return washed cloth to the desk. 
(Yellow Acetum Scillae is the official, the Red being from the 
red root.) 

(72) 



74 MATERIA MEDICA. 

How do Aceti, Tincturae and Vini differ? (N. D., S. P. C. or 

W. & W.) 
Do the preparations of this excercise contain alkaloids? If so, 

name them. 

^COMPATIBLES 

Cimicifuga: — Therapeutically with all stimulants. Give reasons 
in each of the following: Tinctura Cimicifugae with Aqua 
Destillata, Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum and Tinctura 
Ferri Chloridi each. 

Scilla: — i. Try Acetum Scillae with Liquor Potassae. 

2. Try Extractum Scillae Fluidum with Plumbi Acetas solution. 

3. Try Syrupus Scillae with Ammonii Carbonas solution. 

Prescriptions — 

1. Write a compound one. 

2. Write the corrected form in full of the following prescrip- 
tion, using the Apothecary equivalents: 

John Smith. May 6th, 1897. 

R Tincture Digitali 6.00 

Extractu Ergot Flu 10.00 

Aq. Cinnamomae 32.00 

Mis. — Fiat mixture. 

Sig. — Take a teaspoonful. 

M. D. 

3. Compound the following: 

John Jones. (Bronchial cold.) Feb. 6th, 1897. 

Ft Potassii Bromidi 5.00 

Syrupi Scillae 25.00 

Syrupi Sarsaparillae Compositi 20.00 

Aquae Chloroformi q. s. ad 65.00 

Misce. — Fiat mistura. 

Signa. — Shake well and take a teaspoonful every 
four hours. 

M. D. 



76 • MATERIA MEDICA. 

4. Compound the following: 

John Thomas. Jan. 12th, 1897. 

(Cold, general.) 

K Quininae Sulphatis gr. xv 

Ammonii Chloridi gr. x 

Capsici Pulveris gr. j 

M. — Fiant capsulae no. vj. 

S. — Take one every three hours. 

M. D. 

Note — Weigh out each ingredient in No. 4; triturate them well 
together in the mortar; divide into six equal masses on the pill 
tile and fill the capsules if desiring to fill them dry. May add 
Glycerinum (6-iogtt.) to the entire mass on the pill tile, mix- 
ing carefully with the steel spatula until the mass will adhere 
together, then roll into a small cylinder and cut into six equal 
masses; then put into the capsules. May use Mucilago. 

Quiz Follows the Exercise. 



EXERCISE No. 11 



BELLADONNAE FOLIA,-AE, U. S. P.— Belladonna Leaves— Deadly 

Nightshade. 
BELLADONNAE RADIX,-ICIS, U. S. P.— Belladonna Root. 
HYOSCYAMUS.-I, U. S. P.— Hyoscyamus— Henbane. 
STRAMONII FOLIA,-AE, U S. P.— Stramonium Leaves 
STRAMONII SEMEN,-INIS, U. S. P.— Stramonium Seed. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Extract urn y—i Belladonnae Foliorum Alcoholicum,-i, U. S. P. — 
Alcoholic Extract of Belladonna Leaves. 

Extr actum, -i Belladonnae Radicis Fluidum,-i, U. S. P. — Fluid 
Extract of Belladonna Root. 

Liniment um } -i Belladonnae, U. S. P. — Belladonna Liniment. 

Tinctura,-ae Belladonnae Foliorum, U. S. P. — Tincture of Bel- 
ladonna Leaves. 

Unguentum,-i Belladonnae, U. S. P. — Belladonna Ointment. 

Atropinae Sulphas, -atis, U. S. P. — Atropine Sulphate. 

Extractum,-i Hyoscyami, U. S. P. — Extract of Hyoscyamus. 

Extracium,-i Hyoscyami Fluidum,-i, U. S. P. — Fluid Extract 
of Hyoscyamus. 

Tinctura,-ae Hyoscyami, U. S. P. — Tincture of Hyoscyamus. 

Hyoscinae Hydrobromas,-atis, U. S, P. — Hyoscine Hydrobro 
mate. 

Hyoscyaminae Hydrobromas,-atis, U. S. P. — Hyoscyamine Hy- 
drobromate. 

Extractum,-i Stramonii Se minis, U. S. P. — Extract of Stramo- 
nium Seed. 

Extr actum, -i Stramonii Seminis Fluidum,~i, U. S. P.— Fluid 
Extract of Stramonium Seed. 

(73) 



8o MATERIA MEDICA. 

Tinctura,-ae Stramonii Seminis, U. S. P. — Tincture of Stramo- 
nium Seed. 

Examine desk samples of each of the above drugs and their 
preparations. 

Incompatibles — 

i. Caustic alkalies decompose the alkaloidal principles evolving 
Ammonia. Add Liquor Potassa to Tinctura Belladonnae 
Foliorum in at. t., place a strip of moistened red litmus paper 
over the top of the t. t. and apply heat to the bottom of the 
tube. Is Ammonia evolved ? Note what change if any occurs. 

2. Mineral Acids: — Add Acidum Nitricum Dilutum to Tinctura 
Belladonnae Foliorum. 

3. Metallic Salts: — Add Plumbi Acetas solution to Tinctura 
Hyoscyami. 

4. Vegetable Acids: — Add Acidum Tannicum solution to Tinc- 
tura Hyoscyami. 

5. Therapeutical: — Aconitum; Quinina; Opium to their action on 
the respiration; Pilocarpus and Physostigma almost completely. 

Prescriptions — 

1. Write the correct form in full of the following: 

Will Harris. January 23d, 1897. 

R Ext. Stram 6 . 00 

Tin. Hyosca 9 . 00 

Liq. Potass oz. ss. 

Aqua Cin dr. 36. 

Mis. Sig. — Take 1 dr. every 20 minutes. 

M. D. 

2. Write the correct form in full of the following: 

J. B. Bills. March 12th, 1897. 

R Pot. Iod 8 . 00 

Tine. Iod M. 60 

Liq. Am. Acet oz. ij. 

Aq. ad 128.00 

Misce. — Signa. — Take a dessertspoonful after meals. 






82 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Note. — Are the two above prescriptions compatible ? If they 
are not, give the incompatible ingredients in each, and the 
reasons. 

3. Write a compound prescription. 

Quiz Will Follow this Exercise. 



EXERCISE No. 12. 



CAMPKORA,-AE, U. S. P.— Camphor. 

CANNABIS INDICA.-AE, U. S. P.— Indian Cannabis-Hemp, 

Indian Hemp. 
THEOBROMA, ATIS. -Cacao. 
VALERIANA, -AE, U. S. P.— Valerian. 

Examine desk samples. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Aqua,-ae Camphor ae, (J. S. P. — Camphor Water. 
Liniment um^-i Camphorae, U. S. P. — Camphor Liniment. 
Linimentum,-i Saponis, U. S. P. — Soap Liniment. 
Spirit us Camphorae, U. S. P. — Spirit of Camphor. 
Camphora,-ae Monobromata,-ae, U. S. P. — Monobromated 

Camphor. 
Extract it//t, -i Cannabis Inrficae, U. S P. — Extract of Cannabis 

Indica. 
Extraction,-/ Cannabis Indicae Ftiiidii/n,-i,U. S. P. — Fluid Ex- 
tract of Cannabis Indica. 
Tinctura,-ae Cannabis Indicae, U. S. P. — Tincture of Cannabis 

Indica. 
Olenm,-i TJicobro/natis, U. S. P. — Oil of Theobroma — Butter of 

Cacao. 
Extraction,-/ Valerianae Flit id ion, -/, U. S. P. — Fluid Extract of 

Valerian. 
Tinctura,-ae Valerianae, U. S. P. — Tincture of Valerian. 
Tinctura,-ae Valerianae Ai/ononiata,-ac, U. S. P — Ammoniated 

Tincture of Valerian. 

(8 4 ) 



86 materia medica. 

Incompatibles 

Camphora: — i. Solutions, physically, with Aqua, unless it has 

been dissolved by trituration in milk. Try Spiritus Camphorae 

with Aqua Destillata. 
2. Alkalies and earthy salts precipitate the small amount soluble 

in Aqua. 
Cannabis Indica: — i. Try Tinctura Cannabis Indicae with Aqua 

Destillata and Liquor Potassae each. What results and why 

in each case ? 
Theobroma: — Shake a small piece of Oleum Theobromatis in a 

test tube with cold water, then apply heat and note the change; 

add Liquor Potassae 20-30 M. and shake while heating to 

boiling and note the change. (Illustrates the saponifying action 

and emulsifying power of caustic alkalies on fixed oils, and is 

used in cleaning oily vessels and apparatus.) 
Valeriana: — 1. Try Tinctura Valerianae with Acidum Sulphu- 

ricum Dilutum and solutions of Plumbi Acetas and Sodii 

Bicarbonas each. 

Properties and Uses — 

Ca?nphora: — Freely soluble in Alcohol, Aether, Benzinum, Chlo- 

roformum and fixed and volatile oils. 
The alcoholic and etherial solutions render Hydrargyri Chlori- 

dum Corrosivum more soluble. 
Triturated with Chloral, Menthol or Thymol and resins it liquefies. 
Cannabis Indica: — Antagonized by Strychnina, caustic alkalies 

and lemons. The Tinctura suspended in Mucilago may be 

given in Aqua and the taste covered by Spiritus Chloroformi. 
Theobroma: — Chief use is in manufacture of Suppositoriae. 
Valeriana: — Aqua Cinnamomi is the best corrective for the taste. 
The Extractum Fluidum and Tinctura are very nauseous and bulky. 
Oleum Valerianae (unofhcial) is best given in Mucilago with 

Aqua Cinnamomi. 
Valerianates are made with an acid produced from Alcohol Amy- 

licum and represents the actions of the bases rather than the 

plant or acids. 
Look up Emulsa and Sapo. (N. D., S. P. C. or W. & W.) 



88 materia medica. 

Prescriptions — 

i. Compound the following: 

John Jackson. December 21st, 1897. 

1^ Spiritus Camphorae 

Aquae Ammoniae aa 15 . 00 

Olei Olivae 34 . 00 

Mis. — Fiat emulsa. 

Sig. — Shake thoroughly and apply to the part every 
two hours. 

M. 1). 

2. Write a compound prescription. 

Quiz Will Follow this Exercise. 



EXERCISE No. 13. 



COCA,-AE, U. S. P.— Coca-Erythroxylon— Coca Leaves. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Cocaine Hydrochloras,-atis, U. S. P. — Cocaine Hydrochlorate. 
Extractum,-i Cocae Fluidum-i, U. S. P. — Fluid Extract of Coca. 
Vinum,-i Cocae (Erythroxylon), N. F. — Wine of Coca. 
Examine desk sample of Cocae Folia and Extractum Cocae 
Fluidum. 

IXCOMPATIBLES 

i. Why should Coca preparations not be prescribed with 
Acidum Tannicnm, Liquor Potassae, Mayer's Reagent or Sodii 
Bicarbonas ? 

2. Why not with Aether, Alcohol, Amyl Nitras, Chloral, Chloro- 
formum, Morphina, or Opium ? 

3. Cocainae Hydrochloras solution added to Argenti Nitras solu- 
tion and then Acidum Nitricum added, forms Cocainae Nitras, 
but this mixture is prescribed for local uses because the painful 
effect of the caustic action of the Argenti Nitras is decreased. 

CAFFEINA,-AE, U. S. P.— Caffeine— Theine— Guaranine. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Caffeina,-ae Citrata,-ae, U. S. P. — Citrated Caffeine. 
Caffeina,-ae Citrata,-ae Effervesce?rs,-1is, U. S. P. — Effervescent 
Citrated Caffeine. 
Incompatibles — 

Try Caffeina Citrata with Liquor Potassae and Potassii Iodidum 
solution each. 

Uses — 

Addition of Sodii Benzoas or Salicylas makes them more soluble. 

(90) 



92 MATERIA MEDICA. 

ALCOHOLS. 

Alcohol, C S. P. — Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, Rectified Spirits — 
C,H,OH. 

Properties — Examine them. 
i. Taste. 

2. Miscibility with Aqua without cloudiness. 

3. Burns with a blue flame. 

4. Has no action on litmus paper previously moistened with 
Aqua Destillata. 

5. Leaves no residue on evaporation. 

6. Has no odor of fusil oil upon evaporating spontaneously 
from filter paper. 

7. Mixed with half its volume of Liquor Potassae it should not 
at once become dark colored (absence of Alcohol Methylicum, 
Aldehyde or oak tannin. ) 

8. More than faint opalescence or darkening after standing six 
hours when mixed with a few drops of Argenti Nitras solution 
in a t. t. shows traces of organic matters, Alcohol Amylicum, etc. 

9. Evaporate iocc. to 2cc. and add 2cc. Acidum Sulphuricum, 
and if Alcohol Amylicum is present a red color will be produced. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Alcohol, U. S. P. — Alcohol, 91% by weight, 94% by volume — 

sp. gv. 0.820 at 15- C. 
Alcohol Absolutum,-i, U. S P. — Absolute Alcohol — 99% pure — 

sp. gv. 0.797 at 15 : C. 
Alcohol Deodoratum,-i, U. S. P. — Deodorized Alcohol — 92% by 

weight, 95.5% by volume — sp. gv. 0.816 at 15- C. 
Alcohol Dilution, -i, U. S. P. — Diluted Alcohol — 41% by weight, 

48.6% by volume — sp. gv. 0.936 at 15° C. 
Spirit us Frit merit i, U. S. P. — Whiskey — 44-50% by weight of 

Alcohol — sp. gv. 0.930. 
Spiritus Vini Gallici, U. S. P. — Brandy — 39-47% Alcohol by 

weight — sp. gv. 0.941. 



94 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Vinum,-i Album, -i, U. S. P. — White Wine — 10-14% Alcohol by 

weight — sp. gv. 0.990. 
Vinum,-i Rubrum,-i, U. S. P. — Red Wine — 10-14% Alcohol by 

weight — sp. gv. 0.989. 

Rules for Making Alcohols of Lower Percentages, U. S. P. — 
F= volume % and W= weight % of the strong Alcohol to be used. 
r = volume % and z<y = weight % of the Alcohol to be made. 

1. Mix v volumes of the strong Alcohol with Aqua Destillata 
enough to make V volumes of the product. Allow to stand 
until full contraction has taken place and then make ^volumes 
by adding more Aqua Destillata. 

2. Mix w parts by weight of the strong Alcohol with Aqua Des- 
tillata enough to make IV parts by weight of the product. 

Count the number of drops (gtt.) in a fluid drachm of Alcohol, 
using the medicine dropper, and then compare with those from 
the small graduate. 

The size of a drop depends upon the consistency of the liquid, 
hence its composition, temperature, sp. gv. must be considered. 
The size and shape of the surface from which it is dropped 
also modifies the size of the drop. 

Compare the capacity of the teaspoons, dessertspoons and table- 
spoons furnished with those furnished the others of the class 
and with your graduates. This comparison should teach you 
to inspect the capacity of the spoons to be used in the admin- 
istration of your prescriptions and to prefer a graduated med- 
icine glass. 

Alcohol Amylicuiu,-i — Amyl Alcohol — Fusil Oil — C 5 H n OH. 

Alcohol Methylicum,-i — Methyl Alcohol — Wood Alcohol — 
CHoOH. 

Prescriptions — 

Write a compound one. 

Quiz Will Follow this Exercise. 



EXERCISE No. 14. 



AETHER,-IS, U. S. P.— Ether— Sulphuric Ether— (C 2 H 5 ) 2 0. 
CHLOROFORMUM.-I, U. S. P.— Chloroform— CHC1 S . 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Aether,-is, U. S. P. — Ether — sp. gv. 0.725 to 0.728 at 15 : C. 

Spirit us Act hens, U. S. P.— Spirit of Ether. 

Aetheris Compositus,-i, U. S. P. — Compound Spirit of Ether — 

Hoffman's Anodyne. 
A qua, -ae Chloroformi. U. S. P. — Chloroform Water. 
Emitlsum,-i Chloroformi, (J. S. P. — Emulsion of Chloroform. 
Linimentuniy—i Chloroform^ U. S. P. — Chloroform Liniment. 
Spiritus Chloroformi, U. S. P. — Spirit of Chloroform. 

Properties — Examine sample of each as follows: 
Aether — 

1. Physical properties, as color, odor, taste, etc. 

2. Volatility, producing cold by evaporation on the hand. 

3. Easy ignition, requiring careful handling in the vicinity of 
a (lame, as the vapor when mixed with large volumes of air 
and ignited explodes violently. 

4. Lack of miscibility with water. 

5. Neutral to litmus paper, but becomes acid upon standing 
for a long time in a partially filled bottle, owing to the for- 
mation of Acidum Aceticum. 

6. Shaken occasionally, during an hour, with . 1 its volume 
of Liquor Potassae, it should not develop color, showing 
absence of Aldehyde. 

7. No residue upon evaporation. 

(96) 



98 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Ch lor o form um — 

Examine as with Aether, noting the differences. 

Test the number of gtt. per drachm of each. 

Why is Aether sometimes called Sulphuric Aether ? 

What would be indicated by the formation of a white precipi- 
tate upon the addition of Argenti Nitras solution to seme 
Chloroformum ? 

CHLORAL -IS, U. S. P.— Chloral— Chloral hydrate— 
Trichloraldehyde— C,HCLO.H,0. 

Read up preparation, official description and properties in N. D. 

Properties — Examine them. 

1. Physical. 

2. Liquefies when triturated with equal parts of Acidum Car- 
bolicum and many of its derivatives, Camphora, Menthol and 

Thymol; try with Menthol. 

3. Decomposed by caustic alkalies, alkaline earths and Am- 
monia, forming Chloroformum and a formate; try with Liquor 
Potassae. 

4. Aqueous and alcoholic solutions are neutral, but the aqueous 
solutions gradually become acid; why this change ? Remem- 
ber if using an old solution. 

5. Add Argenti Nitras solution to some Chloral solution acidi- 
fied with Acidum Dilutum. Why add the Acid and why apply 
this test ? 

Prescriptions — 

1. Write a compound prescription. 

2. Give reasons for and against compound prescriptions. 

3. Why should not the three following mixtures be made ? 
a — Ammonii Carbonas and Syrupus Scillae. 

b — Syrupus Ferri Iodidi and Tinctura Cinchonae. 
c — Sodii Salicylas, Quininae Sulphas and Acidum Sulphuricum 
Aromaticum. 



IOO MATERIA MEDICA. 

4. Compound the following prescription: 

John Thompson. July 9th, 1897. 

B< Chloralis „ 2 . 00 

Potassii Bromidi 5 . 00 

Tincturae Hyoscyami 20 . 00 

Aquae Chloroformi q. s. ad 65 . 00 

Misce. — Fiat solutio. 

Signa. — Shake well and take a teaspoonful every hour 
until quiet. 

M. D. 

Quiz Will Follow this Exercise. 



i 



EXERCISE No. 15 



PREPARATIONS AND THEIR PRESCRIBING. 

Look up definition and preparation of each class in W. & W. 
and N. D. 
Aceta: — What constituent governs their chemical incompatibility? 
They maybe prescribed in aqueous, alcoholic, or syrupy liquids. 

i. Acetum Scillae and Sodii Bicarbonas solution. 

2. Acetum Opii and Liquor Potassae. 
Aquae: — Usually solvents or vehicles, having no medicinal dose 
themselves. Aromatic waters should not be used for saturated 
solutions, being already saturated with a volatile oil, and 
milky mixtures result. Aqua Destillata preferable, as solids 
of natural waters may precipitate medicinal ingredients. 

i. Aqua Cinnamomi with Sodii Bicarbonas (solid). No pre- 
cipitate unless very strong of HNaCO :; . 

2. Aqua and Argenti Nitras solution. 

Cachetae. 

Capsulae: — Compound the following, giving reasons for wet or dry: 

J^ Quininae Sulphatis gr. x 

Ammonii Chloridi gr. xxv 

Sodii Salicylates gr. xx 

Misce. — Fiant capsulae No. X. 
Signa. — Take one every two hours. 
Cataplasmata: — Mix 2 dr. flaxseed meal in an evaporating dish 
with enough boiling water to make a paste; then 2 dr. ground 
mustard in another dish with enough tepid water to make a 
paste; then mix the two thoroughly and spread with a spatula on 
the cloth furnished, folding the cloth so that it covers the poul- 
tice. Flour, white of egg, etc., are used to prevent blistering. 

( 102 ) 



104 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Cerata. 

Chartae — Charta Pbtassii Nitratis : — Dissolve Potassii Nitras gm. i 
in Aqua Destillata cc. 4; dip strip of filter paper into solution, 
dry, burn, and inhale. 
Co Hod ia. 

Confectiones : — Method of administering disagreeable medicines. 
Decocta: — Readily decompose, hence prepare fresh when desired. 
Strength of energetic drugs should be prescribed by a physician. 
Elixiria: — Good correctives or vehicles for tinctures unless resinous. 
Emplastra. 

Emulsa: — Acacia, yolk of egg, Potassa, Pancreatinum, etc., are 
used. Egg emulsions soon decompose. Acids break up alkali 
emulsions. 
Alcoholic liquids precipitate egg and gum emulsions. Should 
be freely miscible with water. Cracked when the oil separates. 
Fixed oils take acacia 1-2 dr. per oz. of oil. 

R Olei Morrhuae oz. j 

Acaciae dr. ij 

Aquae q. s. ad oz. iv 

Misce. — Fiat Emulsum. 

Signa. — Take a teaspoonful every four hours. 
Note. — Triturate Acacia in a mortar with water until it crackels, 
then add the oil, triturating thoroughly, and then water enough 
to make 4 oz. 

1. Test a dr. with Alcohol. Not so good as Continental method. 

2. Triturate the oil and acacia until a smooth mixture, add at once 
twice as much water as acacia and triturate to perfect white 
emulsion, as shown by crackling; add diluent with trituration. 

E?iemata. 

Extracta: — Pilular consistency; powdered are not reliable, because 
of heat. Glycerinum is added to some to keep soft. Aqueous 
and alcoholic according to the solvent used. Especially 
adapted to pills or capsules, those of little medicinal value as 
excipients. Dose small and needs no excipients. 



fo6 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Extracta Fluida: — Small dose; reliable strength. Alcohol, water 
and glycerine menstruums. Resinous are precipitated by 
water. Good vehicles for them are aromatic elixirs, syrups, 
spirits or fluid extracts. 

Glycerita: — Glyceritum Amyli. Mix the water and glycerine and 
add the starch in the small evaporating dish, stirring until a 
homogeneous mixture; then apply heat gradually (not above 
144° C), stirring constantly until a translucent jelly. Allow 
to cool. Keep for pill excipients. 

R Amyli i . oo 

Aquae 1 . oo 

Glycerin i 8.00 

Misce. — Fiat glyceritum. 

Signa. — Use as pill excipient. 

Quiz Will Follow this Exercise. 



EXERCISE No. 16, 



OPIUM,-I, U. S. P.— Opium. 

Read N. D. article on Opium, rioting carefully the official forms, 
origin and production, description, adulterations, examina- 
tion, constituents, morphiometry, pharmaceutical preparations 
and their action and uses. 

Read carefully symptoms and treatment of Opium poisoning in 
your text books. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Opium, -/, U, S. P. — Opium — 9% of Morphina. 

Opium, -i Pulvis,-eris, U. S. P. — Powdered Opium — No. So 

powder — 13% of Morphina. 
Opium,-i Deodoratum,-i, U. S. P. — Deodorized (Denarcotized ) 

Opium — 13-15% Morphina. 
Extractum,-i Opii, U. S. P. — Extract of Opium. 
Pilulae,-arum Opii, U. S. P. — Pills of Opium. 
Pulvis,-eris Ipecacuaniiac el Opii, U. S. P. — Powdered Ipecac 

and Opium — Dover's Powder. 
Tinctura,-ae Opii, U. S. P. — Tincture of Opium— Laudanum. 
Tinctura,-ae Opii Camphor at a, -ae, U. S. P. — Camphorated 

Tincture of Opium — Paregoric. 
Tinctura,-ae Opii Deodorati, U. S. P. — Tincture of Deodorized 

Opium. 
Mistura,-ae Glyeyrrhizae Composita,-ae, U. S. P. — Compound 

Mixture of Glycyrrhiza — Brown's Mixture. 
Examine desk sample of the capsule, Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et 

Opii, Tinctura Opii, and Tinctura Opii Camphorata. 

( 108) 



I IO MATERIA MEDICA. 

Incompatibles — Try with Tincture Opii. 

i . Ferric Chloride gives a deep red color due to the Meconic Acid. 

2. Metallic salts precipitate the meconates, sulphates and col- 
oring matters. Use Argenti Nitras and Plumbi Acetas solutions. 

3. All Tannin bearing preparationsprecipitate Codeine Tannate. 
Use Acidum Tannicum solution. 

4. Ammonia, fixed alkalies and their carbonates precipitate the 
alkaloids. Use Liquor Potassae. 

5. Its glucose constituent may cause an explosion if made into 
a pill with Argenti Nitras. 

Dosage — Remember things that modify dosage. (Page 52.) 
Acetum Opii, Tinctura Opii, Tinctura Opii Deodorati. 

Vinum Opii aa 3-20 M 

Tinctura Opii Camphorata 1-4 dr 

Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii 3-15 gr. 

Pulvis Opii and Opium Deodoratum V\~ 2 S r 

Kxtractum Opii )s-t , 

MORPHINA ,-AE, U. S. P.— Morphine. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Morpliinae Acetas, -tatis, ( . S. P — Morphine Acetate. 
Morpliinac Hydroc)doras,-atis, U. S. J\ — Morphine Hydro- 
chlorate. 
Morphinae Sulphas,— atis, U. S. P. — Morphine Sulphate. 
Incompatibles — Try them with Morphinae Sulphas solution. 
1. Mineral salts (Plumbi Acetas solution). 
All Tannins. 

Liquor Potassii Arsenitis. 

Alkalies and their carbonates. (Sodii Bicarbonas solution. ) 

Add a gt. Acidum Nitricum to a small crystal of Morphinae 

. Sulphas in a small dish and it turns red, then orange and yellow. 

6. Tinctura Ferri Chloridi causes a blue color in solutions of 
Morphinae Sulphas and green if used in excess. Gives the 
same result as No. 1 under Opium if Meconic Acid is present. 

Test gtt. per drachm of Acetum Opii (90), Tinctura Opii (130), 
Tinctura Opii Camphorata (130) and Vinum Opii (100). 



T12 MATERIA MEDICA. 

CODEINA-AE, U. S. P.— Codeine— Methyl Morphine. 

Read up in N. D. 

Usually administered in pills, capsules or syrups. 

Prescriptions — 

i. Write a compound one. 

2. Compound the following prescription: 

A. Black. February 3. 1897. 

K Pulveris Ipecacuanhae et Opii 4.00 

Quininae Sulphatis 2 . 00 

Sodii Salicylatis 1.50 

Glycerit: Amyli q. s. 

Misce. — Fiant pilulae No. XII. 
Signa. — Take one pill every 3-4 hours. 

M. D. * 

Note. — Triturate the powders well together, put on the pill tile 
and add the Glyceriti Amyli as needed to make a pill mass 
that will roll without crumbling and yet not be too soft to 
retain its cylindrical shape. Use Lycopodium or Glycyrrhiza 
to keep from sticking to the pill tile or each other. 

Quiz Will Follow this Exercise. 



EXERCISE No. 17. 

BROMUM,-I, U. S. P.— Bromine— Br. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 
Examine them. 

Acidum,-i Hydrobromicum,-i Dilutum,-i, U. S. P. — Dilute Hy- 

drobromic Acid — HBr. 
Ammonii Bromidum,-i, U. S. P. — Ammonium Bromide — NH 4 Br. 
Calcii Bromidum,-i, U. S. P. — Calcium Bromide — CaBr... 
Lithii Bromidum.-i, U. S. P. — Lithium Bromide — LiBr. 
Potassii Bromidum,-i, U. S. P. — Potassium Bromide — KBr. 
Sodii Bromidum,-i, U. S. P. — Sodium Bromide — NaBr. 
Strontii Bromidum,-i, U. S. P. — Strontium Bromide — SrBr.>. 
Zinci Bromidum,-i, U. S. P. — Zinc Bromide — ZnBr 2 . 

Properties and Uses — 

Read articles in N. D. and W. & W. 

Bromum is rarely used in medicine but the bromides are used 
extensively, and their protracted use requires increasing doses. 

Compare action of the different bromides. 

Bromism: its causes, symptoms and treatment. 

Calcii, Lithii, Strontii and Zinci Bromidi are very deliquescent, 
hence they should not be prescribed in powders. The rest are 
permanent in air. 

Acidum Hydrobromicum Dilutum is miscible in all proportions 
with Aqua and Alcohol. Rarely causes Bromism. Prevents 
Cinchonism (as do the bromides) and makes an excellent sol- 
vent for the Cinchona alkaloids. 

(114) 



Il6 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Incompatible^ — 

Use solution of Potassii Bromidum. 
Chemical: 

i. Acid Salts. 

2. Acidum Nitricum Dilutum. 

3. Plumbi Acetas solution. 

4. Ammonii Bromidum solution and Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi. 
What occurs ? 

Physiological: 

All vaso-motor stimulants as Belladonna, Digitalis, Ergota, etc. 
Morphina is the best especially for the motor symptoms. 

CONIUM,-I, U. S. P.— Conium — Hemlock— Conium Maculatum. 
GELSEMIUM,-I, U. S. P. — Gelsemium— Yellow Jessamine or Jasmine. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Extractum,-i Conii, U. S. P. — Extract of Conium. 
Extractum,-i Conii Fluidum,-i, U.S. P. — Fluid Extract of Conium. 
Extractum,-i Gelsemii Fluidu?n,-i, U. S. P. — Fluid Extract of 

Gelsemium. 
Tinctura,-ae Gelsemii, U. S. P. — Tincture of Gelsemium. 
Incompatibles — 
Conium: 

Depend upon the constituents. Antagonized by Nux Vomica 
preparations. 
Gelsemium : 

Antagonized by Alcohol, Ammonia, Digitalis and Morphina 
preparations. Chemically depends upon its alkaloidal and 
oily constituents. 

PREPARATIONS AND THEIR PRESCRIBING. 

Infusa: — Do not keep well. Dose too large. Strength should be 
ordered by a physician. 

Linimenta: — Never saturate cloths with Ammonia or Chloroform 
liniments and bind on the skin, as they will blister. Always 
label "poison" or '-external use only." Soap liniment is 
much used as a vehicle for extemporaneous preparations. 



I 1 8 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Liquores: — Solution; saturated solution; supersaturated solution. 
Must know the approximate solubility of the materials in the 
solvent. Alcohol is a good solvent for oils and resins but 
precipitates gums and albumen, and water is the opposite. 
Glycerine aids the solution of Acidum Carbolicum. 
Remember incompatibilities in making compound solutions. 

Lotiones: — Usually aqueous solutions of medicinal agents intended 
for external use. Eye lotions are called "Collyria." 

Massac. 

Mellita: — Used in pill masses and as agreeable vehicles. 

Misturae: — Precipitate undissolved materials upon standing. 
Always order "Shake" label. Usually prescribed in syrups 
or mucilages to suspend the undissolved particles. 

H Pulveris Cretae Compositae 2.00 

Aquae Cinnamomi 4 . 00 

Aquae Destillatae 20 . 00 

Misce. — Fiat mistura. (Rub the chalk with the cinna- 
mon water and 2cc. of water in a mortar; then add 
rest of water gradually while triturating.) 
Signa. — Chalk mixture. (Use in next prescription.) 

Mufiilageones : — Soothing to inflamed mucous surfaces. Used in 
liquid preparations to suspend insoltibles and in solids as 
excipients. 

\\ Misturae Cretae 20.00 

Bismuthi Subnitratis 8 . 00 

Aquae Cinnamomi 50 . 00 

Mucilagiones Acaciae q. s. ad t 28 . 00 

M. — Fiat mistura. 

Sig. — Take teaspoonful every two hours. 

Quiz Will Follow this Exercise. 



EXERCISE No. 18. 



ACONITUM,-I, U. S. P.— Aconite (root)— Monkshood— Wolfsbane. 
PILOCARPUS,-!!, U. S. P.— Pilocarpus— Jaborandi— (Leaves). 
VERATRUM-I VIRIDE,-IS, U. S. P.— Veratrum Viride— American 
Hellebore. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Extractum,-z Aconiti, U. S. P. — Extract of Aconite. 

Ext r actum, -i Aconiti Fluidum.-i, U. S. P. — Fluid Extract of 

Aconite. 
Tinciura,~ae Aconiti, L\ S. P. — Tincture of Aconite. 
Extraciu/n,-i Pilocarpi Fluidum,-i, U. S. P. — Fluid Extract 

of Pilocarpus. 
Pilocarpinac Hydroc/iioras,-atis, U. S. P. — Pilocarpine Hydro- 
chlorate. 
Extracium,-i Veratri Viridis F/?tidt/m,-i, U. S. P. — Fluid Extract 

of Veratrum Viridis. 
Tinctura,-ae Veratri Viridis, C S. P. — Tincture of Veratrum 

Viridis. 
Read N. D. articles and examine the preparations. 
Test the drops per drachm of each of the tinctures (145). 
Strength of the different tinctures of Aconitum: German, 10%; 

English, 16%; French, 20%; U. S. P., 35% and Fleming's, 

79%. Be careful in prescribing them. 

Incompatibles — 

Antagonized by all vaso-motor stimulants, Atropina especially. 
Chemically with caustic alkalies, Ferric salts and metallic 

salts generally. 

(120) 



122 MATERIA MED1CA. 

PREPARATIONS AND THEIR PRESCRIBING. 

Oleata: — Supposed to be more readily absorbed than ointments of 

other bases. 
Oleoresinae : — Strongest liquid preparations of vegetable substances, 

and they are best prescribed in emulsions, pills or capsules. 
Pilulae: — Extemporaneous pills may be coated with gelatin, tolu, 
or silver foil, the sugar coating being used in manufacture 
of large quantities. 

Convenient for drugs in small quantities and of a disagreeable taste. 

Not good for insoluble or deliquescent preparations, those 
having a large dose, nor liquids. May dilute caustics with 
some inert substance. 

Not so good as liquids for rapid action as they require solution 
before absorption. Efflorescent crystals should lose water of 
crystallization. 

Must know character of materials in the pills to select the proper 
excipient, as the mass must not crumble and must be hard 
enough to retain its shape, and yet not pass through the intes- 
tinal canal undissolved. Choice of most of the excipients 
may be left to the pharmacist. Best liquid excipients are 
alcohol, water, syrup, glucose, glycerine, glycerite of starch, 
glycerite of tragacanth, honey and aromatic sulphuric acid. 
Best solid excipients are vegetable extracts, powdered acacia, 
powdered althea, bread crumbs, soap, hard petroleum, resin 
cerate and cacao butter. 

When prescribing official pills write the name of the pill in the 
accusative case, followed by the number of pills wanted; 
extemporaneous pills write names of the materials in the geni- 
tive case followed by the total amount. 

It Sodii Salicylatis i . 50 

Ammonii Chloridi 1 . 00 

Acetanilidi ° • 5° 

Misce.- — Fiant pilulae No. vj. 
Signa. — Take one every three hours. 

Note. — May use glycerine, syrup, mucilage, etc., for excipient, 
being careful not to use too much. 



124 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Pulveres: — Suitable for insoluble medicines, those of small dose 
and pleasant taste. Hygroscopic, deliquescent, efflorescent 
and volatile medicines, if desired in a powder, should be dis- 
pensed in paraffine paper. Caustics only when well diluted 
as with sugar of milk, cane sugar, compound chalk powder, 
aromatic powder, powdered licorice, starch, acacia and mag- 
nesia. 
May be dispensed in a bulk cr " Chartulae," which means in 
prescription '• little package of powders." 

R Pepsini Saccharati 2.00 

Hydrargyri Chloridi Mitis 0.06 

Pulveris Glycyrrhizae 4 . 00 

Misce. — Fiant chartulae No. X. 
Signa. — Take one after each meal. 

Resinae: — Soluble in alcohol, insoluble in water and precipitated 
from alcoholic solutions by water. May be prescribed in 
pills, capsules, alcoholic solutions and some in powders. 

Write a Prescription. 

Quiz Will Follow this Exercise. 



EXERCISE No. 19. 



ARNICAE FLORES,-UM, U. S. P.— Arnica Flowers. 

ARNICAE RADIX -ICIS, U. S. P.— Arnica Root. 

GRINDELIA.-AE, U. S. P.— Grindelia (robusta). 

PHYTOLACCAE FRUCTUS, U. S. P.— Phytolacca Fruit— Poke Berry. 

PHYTOLACCAE RADIX, -ICIS, U. S. P.— Phytolacca Root— Poke Root. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Tinctura,-ac Arnicae Florum, U. S. P. — Tincture of Arnica- 
flowers. 

Extractum,-i Arnicae Radicis, F. S. P. — Extract of Arnica- 
root. 

Extractuni,-i Arnicae Radicis Flniduni. i, U. S. P. — Fluid Ex- 
tract of Arnica-root. 

Tine t Ufa,- a e Arnicae Radicis, U. S. P. — Tincture of Arnica- 
root. 

Extractum f —i Grindeliae Fluiduni.-i. U. S. P. — Fluid Extract 
of Grindelia. 

Extraction, -i PJiytolaccae Radicis F///id///n,-i. U. S. P. — Fluid 
Extract of Phytolacca-root. 

Examine desk and other samples. Read N. D. articles. 

Uses. — Spiritus Chloroform! disguises the bitter taste of Grin- 
delia preparations. Aqueous mixtures precipitate the resins, 
hence better prescribed in mucilage or milk to suspend the 
resins. 

NITRITES. 

Amyl Niiris,-itis, (J. S. F. — Amyl Nitrite — C 5 H n N0 2 . 
Sodii jVitris,-itis, U. S. P.— Sodium Nitrite— NaNO,. 

(126) 



128 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Spiritus Aether is Nitrosi, U. S. P. — Spirit of Nitrous Ether- — 
Sweet Spirit of Nitre. 

Spiritus Glonoini, U. S. P. — Spirit of Glonoin — Spirit of Nitro- 
glycerin. 

Read N. D. articles on the above nitrites. 

Incompatibles — 

Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi with Acidum Gallicum, Acidum Tan- 

nicum, Emulsae, Ferric salts, Potassii Iodidum and Tinctura 

Guaiaci. Why? 
Test the number of drops per drachm of the Spiritus Aetheris 

Nitrosi. 

PREPARATIONS AND THEIR PRESCRIBING. 

Spiriti: — Those of volatile oils in alcohol are mostly used as flavor- 
ing agents or carminatives, and make cloudy or milky mix- 
tures, owing to separation of oils when added in large quanti- 
ties to water. Good solvents for resins, oleore'sins and resinous 
extracts, and do not precipitate when added to fluid extracts 
and tinctures. 

Suppositories: — May be made by hand or in moulds. Cacao-butter 
is the most frequent base, being solid at ordinary temperatures. 
A suppository of glycerin, sodium carbonate and stearic acid 
has been made official. Rectal are cone shaped and weigh 
one gm. Urethral (bougies) are cylindrical or pencil shaped 
and weigh one gm. Vaginal (pessaries) are globular and weigh 
three gms. Wax makes them firmer but remaining undissolved 
irritates the mucous membrane. Always give careful direc- 
tions to pharmacist as to the kind and to the patient for use. 

Syrupi: — Make pleasant vehicles or flavoring agents and may be 
used in mixtures to hold small insoluble particles in suspen- 
sion. Freely miscible with aqueous liquids, but if concentrated 
and added to strong alcoholic liquids the sugar gradually crys- 
tallizes out of solution. Syrups of hydriodic acid, citric acid, 
garlic and squill are acid in reaction and should not be mixed 
with carbonates. Some are of distinct medicinal value. 



130 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Tabellae:- — (Tablet triturates), none official; used for medicines of 
small dose. 

Tincturae: — Not as strong as fluid extracts; not all of uniform 
strength, but each has its own definite strength. Many pre- 
cipitate or become cloudy upon adding aqueous liquids. 
Strong mineral acids should not be added to tinctures. Nearly 
all contain tannin and these should not be mixed with iron 
preparations. Tinctures of ferric chloride and sanguinaria 
are acid, and the ammoniated tinctures of guaiac and valerian 
are strongly alkaline. 

Tritiii'ationes: — Usually dispensed in small powders. 

Trochisci: — Should not be made of drugs of disagreeable taste 
nor of efflorescent, deliquescent nor caustic substances; usually 
desire to obtain local action of ingredients upon the mucous 
membrane of the mouth and pharynx. When prescribing 
official lozenges the name is to be written in the accusative 
case, followed by the number desired. 

Unguenta: — Applied by inunction. The basis may be lard, ben- 
zoinated lard, simple ointment, lanolin (wool fat), cold cream, 
hard petroleum, glycerite of starch or boro-glycerin. Should 
be perfectly smooth, containing no hard or gritty particles. 
When desiring to use a substance insoluble in the base, treat 
it with some solvent before mixing the ointment. 

Vint: — White wine the menstruum; all freely miscible with water; 
not so strongly alcoholic as tinctures. 
1. Dissolve 5 grs. of Ammonii Carbonas in 5/3 of a t. t. of Aquae 
Cinnamomi, add an equal amount of Extractum Glycyrrhizae 
Fluidum, shake thoroughly and allow to stand for a half hour. 
Glycyrrhizin is precipitated because the ammonia, holding it 
in solution, is neutralized by the bicarbonate present in the 
Ammonii Carbonas. This is a frequent chemical and phar- 
maceutical incompatibility. 

Quiz Will Follow this Exercise, 



EXERCISE No. 20. 

(See No. 3.) 



CINCHONA,-AE, U. S. P.— Cinchona (Calasaya.) 
CINCHONA, -AE RUBRA.-AE. U. S. P — Red Cinchona. 

Pharmaceutical Preparations — 

Extractum,—i Cinchonae Fluidum } —i } U. S. P.— Fluid Extract of 

Cinchona. 
lnfusum t —i Cinchona?, U. S. P. — Infusion of Cinchona. 
Tinctura,-ae Cinchonae, U. S. P. — Tincture of Cinchona. 
Tinctura,-ae Cinchonae Composita,-ae, U. S. P. — Compound 

Tincture of Cinchona. 
Alkaloidal Preparations — 

Quinidiniae Sulphas, -atis, U. S. P. — Quinidine Sulphate. 
Quinina,-ae, U. S. P. — Quinine. 

Quininae Bisulplias.-atis, U. S. P. — Quinine Bisulphate. 
Quininae Hydrobromas,-atis, U. S. P. — Quinine Hydrobromate. 
Quininae Hydrochlora$,-atis. U. S. P. — Quinine Hydrochlorate. 
Quininae Sulphas, -atis, U. S. P. — Quinine Sulphate. 
Quininae Valerianas,-atis, U. S. P. — Quinine Valerianate. 
Ferriet Quininae Citras,-atis, U.S. P. — Iron and Quinine Citrate. 
Vinum,-i Fcrri Amarum,-i, U. S. P. — Bitter Wine of Iron. 
Cinehonidinac Sulphas, -atis, U. S. P. — Cinchonidine Sulphate. 
Cinchonidinae Salicylas,-atis, U. S. P. — Cinchonidine Salicylate. 
Cinchonina,—ae — Cinchonine. 

Cinchoninae Sulphas, -at is, U. S. P. — Cinchonine Sulphate. 
Read N. D. articles on Cinchona and its alkaloids and their 

preparations. 
Relative antipyretic effects of the alkaloids: Quinina, too; Qnin- 

idina, 90; Cinchonina, 40, and Cinchonidina, 70. 

(132) 



134 materia mfd1ca. 

Properties — 

Examine Quininae Sulphas and Cinchonidinae Sulphas. 

Solubility in Aqua is increased by most acids. Ammonii Chlori- 
dum, Potassii Nitras, etc., but decreased by Magnesii Sulphas, 
Sodii Sulphas and neutral tartrates. 

Precipitated by all Ferric salts and general precipitants of the 
alkaloids. 

Can be prescribed with Tinctura Ferri Chloridi because of its 
contained free acid. Read up Cinchonism and use of Bro- 
mides in its treatment. 

Should be avoided by persons having middle ear diseases, gas- 
trointestinal disorders or those having an idiosyncrasy against 
them. 

Test for purity of Quininae Sulphas: (other alkaloids, lime, 
chalk, magnesia, starch, etc.) Mix i gm. Quininae Sulphas 
in a mortar with 0.50 gm. Ammonii Sulphas and 5CC. Aqua 
Destillata; place in an evaporating dish and dry thoroughly 
on a water bath, agitate the neutral residue with iocc. Aqua 
Destillata, allow to macerate for '_> hour at 15- C. with occa- 
sional agitation, filter and mix in a t. t. 5CC. of the filtrate with 
7cc. Aquae Ammoniae and a pure salt will give a clear solution. 

Incompatibles — 

Use solutions of Quininae Sulphas and Cinchonidinae Sulphas. 
Note reactions and determine reasons if possible in each case. 

1. Add Aqua Ammoniae to each. Then excess of precipitant. 

2. Add Liquor Potassae to each. 

3. Add Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum to each. Which gives 
fluorescence ? If both become fluorescent what is indicated ? 

4. Add Potassii Acetas solution to each. Same with tartrates. 

5. Add Acidum Tannicum solution to each. 

General Incompatibles — 

Determine what occurs in each case and why. 

1. Add Liquor Potassae to a solution of Chloral and heat. 

2. Add a solution of Potassii Iodidum to a solution of 
Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum. 



136 MATERIA MEDICA. 

3. Add solution of Zinci Sulphas to a solution of Plumbi Acetas. 

4. Why are strong alcoholic tinctures not compatible with 
weak ones ? 

5. Add some Aqua to some Tinctura Guaiaci. 

6. Add Mayer's Reagent to a little Tinctura Cinchonae Com- 
posita. 

7. Add Spiritus Aromaticus Ammoniae to some Tinctura Opii. 

8. Add solution of Sodii Salicylas to some Tinctura Ferri 
Chloridi. 

Prescriptions — 

1. Write a compound one, containing a Cinchona alkaloid. 

2. Compound the following: 

1^ Quininae Sulphatis gr. xvj 

Extracti Nucis Vomicae gr. j 

Ferri Reducti gr. vj 

M. — Fiant capsulae No. vj. 
Sig. — Take one after each meal. 

M. D. 

Quiz Will Follow this Exercise. 



EXERCISE No. 21. 



ANTIPYRETICS. 

Acetanilidum,-i, U. S. P. — Acetanelid — Antifebrin — Phenylace- 

tamide — Acetylamidobenzene. 
Antipyrinum, i — Antipyrine — Dimethyl-phenylpyrazolon. 

Phcnacetinum,-i — Phenaeetin — Para-acetphenetidin — Para-oxy- 

ethylacetanelid. 
Read N. D. articles and examine samples. 

ACETANILIDUM. 

Tests — 

i. A cold saturated aqueous solution added to Ferric Chloride 
test solution (T. S.) should not affect its color. (U. S. P.) 
This shows absence of aniline salts, antipyrine, hydracetin and 
some other compounds. This mixture becomes deep red on 
being heated. (N. D.) 

2. Heat o.i gm. with 5CC. KOH (i: 4); aniline odor becomes 
noticeable; add ice. Chloroform and heat; disagreeable odor 
of isonitril is evolved. All primary amines show the same 
reaction. (U. S. P.) 

3. Boil o. 1 gm. for several minutes with 2cc. HC1, a clear solu- 
tion results; add 3CC. of a 5% aqueous solution of Ac. Car- 
bolicum and mix; then add 5CC. of a filtered saturated solution 
of chlorinated lime. A brownish-red color forms, which becomes 
blue upon supersaturation with NH^OH. (U.S. P.) Indophe- 
nol or Indoaniline reaction. Shown by Phenacetinum, etc., but 
melting point, solubility, etc., distinguishes the Acetanilidum. 

Incompatible with Chloroformum, Potassa and Soda and their 
salts. 

(138) 



140 materia medica. 

Antidotes — 

Evacuate bowels with oils; stimulate skin by heat and friction; 
administer coffee and inject Aether. Alcohol is not advisable. 
Uses — 

Does not liquefy when triturated with stearoptans or phenols. 
Best administered dry or dissolved in alcohol and then diluted 
with water. 
Soluble in cold water at 1: 194 and in alcohol 1:5. 

Derivatives — 

Bromoacetanelid; Benzanilid; Methylacetanelid or Exalgin. 

ANTIPYRINUM. P. G. ( Phenazonum B. P.) 

Tests and Incompatible? — 
Use an aqueous solution. 

1. Precipitates white with most reagents for alkaloids, and 
metallic salts. 

(a) Try with Plumbi Acetas solution. 

(^) Try with Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum solution. 

(V) Try with Potassii Iodidum solution or Tinctura Iodi. 

2. Forms salts with all acids because of its strong basic prop- 
erties. 

(#) 2cc. of a 1% solution acquire with 2 gtt. of fuming HNO :; 
a green color; boil and add 1 gtt. of the acid and note the 
red change. Cold concentrated solutions will form green 
crystals. 

(6) Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi and acid solutions of all nitrites. 
What occurs ? 

3. Iron and iron salts; hence protect carefully from iron. 

(a) Add 1 gtt. Ferric Chloride T. S. to 2cc. of a 1 % solution; 
deep red color is produced, changing to pale yellow on 
adding 10 gtt. H 2 S0 4 . 

4. Reduces Fehling's solution. Try as in glucose test. 

5. Incompatible with 

(a) Cinchona salts and preparations. 

(b) Caffeine salts and preparations. 

(7) All tinctures containing tannin. 



142 MATERIA MEDICA. 

6. Trituration dry. Try with Chloral, Sodii Bicarbonas or 
Sodii Salicylas. 

(a) Oleaginous liquid with Chloral, the stearoptans, Acidum 

Carbolicum, etc. 
(£) Liquefaction with Sodii Salicylas is due to deliquescence. 
(V) Forms toxic Naphthol with Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite. 

7. Equal mixture with Acetanilidum melts at 43 C. ; each 
alone at 113° C. 

Uses — 

May be triturated dry with Salol. Best prescribed alone, because 
of its incompatibility. Dissolved in wine it gradually precipi- 
tates the coloring matters. Syrups, fruit syrups with an aro- 
matic spirit makes the best adjuvant. Soluble in -3 its weight 
of water and 1 part of Alcohol and Chloroformum. 

Derivatives — 

Benzopyrine, Iodopyrine. Naphtopyrine, Fhenopyrine, Picro- 
pyrine, Pyrogallopyrine. 

Salipyrine: — Molecular equivalents of Antipyrinum, and Acidum 
Salicylicum. Heated together with or without water they melt 
to an oily liquid which solidifies on cooling and is recrystal- 
lized from alcohol. Most used of the derivatives. 

PHENACETINUM. Br. Ad. P. G. 

Tests — 

1. A cold saturated aqueous solution should .not become turbid 
on the addition of bromine water. (Absence of Acetanilid.) 
N. D. Soluble in 1400 of cold water and 16 of alcohol. 

Derivatives — 

Iodophenine, 50% Iodine: Methacetin, methyl compound: dose 
smaller. 

Write a compound prescription. 

Quiz Will Follow this Exercise. 



EXERCISE No. 22. 



ACIDUM CARBOLICUM AND DERIVATIVES. 

Acidum,-i Carbolicum,-i, U. S. P. — Carbolic Acid — Phenol — 

C ( ,H,OH. 
Acidum,-i Carbolicum,-i Crudum,-i } U. S. P. — Crude Carbolic 

Acid. 
Glycerituniy—i Acidi Carbolic i, U. S. P. — Glycerite of Carbolic 

Acid. 
Sodii SulphocarboIas,-atis, U. S. P. — Sodium Sulphocarbolate 

NaSO,C H 1 (OH)-f2H,O. 
Unguentum,-i Acidi Carbolici) U. S. P. — Ointment of Carbolic 

Acid. * 

Creosotum,-i, U. S. P. — Creosote. 
Aqud,-ae Crcositi, U. S. P. — Creosote Water. 
Naphtalinum,-i, U. S. P. — Naphtalin. 
Naphtol, U. S. P. — Naphtol — Beta-Naphtol (also an Alpha- 

Naphtol.) 
Read N. D. articles and examine samples presented. 

ACIDUM CARBOLICUM. 

Prepared from "dead oil" of coal tar by distillation between 170 - 
190 -. Prepared synthetically by acting upon benzine with fum- 
ing sulphuric acid, neutralizing with Potassii Carbonas and fusing 
with excess of Potassa; treat the residue with HC1 and distill. 

Properties — 

Examine them: Should dissolve clear in 15 parts of water: this so- 
lution if alkaline shows it to be an alkaline solution of the acid; 
should be faintly acid. Red color indicates metallic impurities. 

( 144) 



i46 materia medica. 

Tests — 

1. Put 1-2 cc. Acidum Sulphuricum in a t.t.; add, but do not 
mix, an equal amount Acidum Carbolicum solution; drop in 
small particles of Potassii Nitras and each will produce a 
violet streak; shake and all becomes violet; add water and 
it turns red orange. io c /o shown. (N. D.) 

2. Add to Acidum Carbolicum solution in a t.t., one-fourth its 
volume of Aqua Ammoniae, then add a few gtt. of solution of 
Chlorinated Lime (1:20). Heat moderately, producing in 
fifteen minutes blue or green, changing to red on acidulating 
with Acidum Sulphuricum or Acidum Hydrochloricum; 1 :400c 
(N. D.) 

3. Make concentrated alcoholic solution in a t.t., add a little 
Ferric Chloride T. S.; forms a brown liquid; addition of much 
water makes permanent violet-blue color. 

4. Percentage amount of pure phenol is determined by titra- 
tion with a decinormal Bromine solution and depends upon 
the precipitation of Tribromophenol. 

Incompatibles — 

Potassii Permanganas, Iodine, Bromine, caustic, alkaline, and 
iron salts; coagulates albumen; precipitates collodiens; lique- 
fies on trituration with stearoptans, antipyrine, chloral, etc. 
Uses — 

Should be kept in dark amber-colored, well-stoppered bottles. 
Soluble sulphate is best antidote in poisoning cases, forming 
harmless sulpho-carbolates; use stimulants, emetics, etc. 

CREASOTUM. 

Mixture of phenols, chiefly guaiacol and cresol, obtained by 
distillation of wood-tar. 
Properties — 

Examine sample. 
Tests— 

N. D. No. 3 answers for coal-tar creasote. 

1. Equal volume with collodion in a dry t.t. should form no 
coagulum. 



148 MATERIA MEDICA. 

2. Equal volume with glycerine forms a clear solution which 
precipitates oily creosote upon addition of one volume or 
more of water. 

3. One gt. Ferric Chloride T. S. added to ioc.c. of 1% 
aqueous solution of Creasote causes a violet blue tint rapidly 
changing to green and brown, usually forming a brownish 
precipitate. 

4. Frohde's Reagent (Molybdic Acid 1 in Acidum Sulphuricum 
100) is reliable for mixture with Acidum Carbolicum which 
gives a yellowish or brownish tint, passing into maroon or 
reddish brown and finally a brilliant purple, while pure Crea- 
sotum gives a brown or reddish brown which fades gradually 
into a light yellowish brown. 

Add 1-2 gtt. aqueous solution to 3-5 gtt. of the reagent; warm- 
ing aids reaction. 

Uses — 

Soluble in 150 of water; freely in Alcohol, Ether, Chloro- 
form. Acidum Carbolicum is chief impurity. Neutral or 
slightly acid. Decomposed by strong acids. Reduces Silver 
Nitrate and explodes with Silver Oxides. Preserves meat. 
Administered in emulsions with Oleum Morrhuae and Muci- 
lago; Oleum Morrhuae and Hypophosphites; Syrupus Pruni 
Virginianae and Mucilago; Glycerinum and Spiritus Frumenti. 
Hypodermically not a good way; Enteric pills a good way. 
Begin with small dose and increase gradually. Creasote Car- 
bonate contains 92% of Creasotum, is not caustic and is given 
in large doses. 

NAPHTALINUM. 

Very incompatible. A true intestinal antiseptic; best given on 
starch wafers with Oleum Bergamottae. 

NAPHTHOL. 

Same relation to Naphthalene as Acidum Carbolicum to Benzene. 

Heating Naphthalene with concentrated Acidum Sulphuricum 

forms Naphthalene Sulphonic Acid. The "Alpha" forms at 



150 MATERIA MEDICA. 

or below water bath temperature and the "Beta" forms at a 
higher temperature. "Alpha" is far more poisonous, hence 
the "Beta" is the one most used in medicine. 

Derivatives — 

Benzonaphtol, Betol or B-Naphtol Salicylate; Alumnol; Hydro- 

naphtol, etc. 
Write a prescription. 

Quiz Will Follow this Exercise. 



EXERCISE No. 23. 



ACIDUM SALICYLICUM GROUP. 

AciduMf-i Salicylicum,-i, U. S. P. — Salicylic Acid — HC 7 H 5 0,. 

Salicinum,-t, U. S. P. — Salicin. 

Salol, U. S. P.— Salol— Phenyl Salicylate— C 6 H 4 (OH)C0 2 C 6 H 5 . 

Sodii Salicylas,—atis, U. S. P. — Sodium Salicylate. 

Salophen. 

Oleuniy-i Gaultheriae, U. S. P. — Oil of Gaultheria — Oil of Win- 

tergreen. 
Spirit us Gaulthe?'iae, U. S. P. — Spirit of Gaultheria. 
Methyl, -is Salicylas,-atis, U. S. P. — Methyl Salicylate — Artificial 

Oil of Wintergreen— CH 3 .C 7 H,0 3 . 
Examine Acidum Salicylicum, Sodii Salicylas, Salol and 

Salicinum. 

SALICINUM. 
A true glucoside. Differs how from Ameroids and Alkaloids ? 

Tests — 

i. Bright red color when dissolved in cone. HgSO^ this precipi- 
tates dark-red powder, leaving colorless solution onaddingH 2 0. 

2. Add to a little Salicinum in a dry t. t. some H 2 S0 4 dil. and 
dry K 2 Cr,0 7 , and then upon warming notice odor of oil of 
meadow sweet (Salicyl Aldehyde.) 

3. Does not precipitate with alkaloidal precipitants. Try 
Mayer's Reagent. 

ACIDUM SALICYLICUM. 

Preparation — 

1. Treating Oleum Gaultheriae with caustic alkali and decom- 
posing resulting salt with an acid. 

(152) 



154 MATERIA MED1CA. 

2. Synthetic process (usual way). Saturate Acidum Carbolicum 
with NaOH, forming Sodii Carbolas; dry and treat with CO., 
forming Sodii Phenol Carbonas; heat in tightly closed vessels 
or in stream of C0 2 , forming Sodii Salicylas; treat with an 
acid. Improvement on Kolbe's original method. 

Properties — 

Should have no phenol odor. Synthetic acid and its salts may 
contain Creosotic acids and salts, whicn are very depressing. 
Solubility in water (450) is greatly increased by the presence 
of alkaline phosphates, acetates, citrates and borax, the latter 
becoming bitter. 

Tests — 

1. Add ice. concentrated HgSO^ to some Acidum Salicylicum 
in a dry t. t. and then cautiously about ice. Methyl Alcohol, 
in drops; boil and notice odor of Oleum Gaultheriae. 

2. Solutions acquire a deep violet color with Ferric Chloride, 
if alkalies, their salts and most acids are absent. 

Uses — 

Medicinal uses of- the acid and the salts are the same. Acid is 
antiseptic. Aqueous solution of the salts precipitate the acid 
if an acid is added. Acid 1, Borax y 2 , Glycerine 2^, makes 
a 25% solution. Soluble with alkalies; turn brown upon 
exposure to the air unless excess of acid is present. Causes 
salicylism in 60% of persons; relieved by Bromides or Alcohol 
15 minutes before each dose. Administer acid well diluted to 
prevent gastric irritation. Eliminated in the urine and may 
simulate sugar reduction tests. 

OLEUM GAULTHERIAE.— Methyl-Salicilate. 
Same action but smaller dose and less irritation than the acid. 

SALOL.— Phenyl-Salicylate. 

Properties of both acids. Should not redden moistened red 

litmus paper. 
Almost insoluble in water. Use cautiously in kidney troubles. 



J 56 MATERIA MEDIC A. 

Incompatible* — 

Acids and all derivatives are incompatible with oxidizing agents, 
iron salts, lime water, KI and soap. Salts with Acids. Salol 
with camphor. 

1. Nitrous Acid of Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi decomposes acids 
and salts, mixtures gradually darken and form black sediment 
and odor of Oleum Gaultheriae. 

2. Add Sodii Salicylas solution to Tinctura Ferri Chloridi. 

3. Add Sodii Bicarbonas solution to Tinctura Ferri Chloridi. 

4. Why not add Aqua Camphorne to Tinctura Guaiaci ? 

5. Why not combine Sodii Salicylas and Antipyrinum in 
powders ? 

6. Why not combine Sodii Salicylas, HC1 and H 2 0. 

Prescriptions — 

1. Write a compound prescription. 

2. Compound the following: 

Bi Sod. Salicyl 2 . 00 

Acetanelid 1 . 00 

Ammo. Chlorid r . 00 

M.— Ft. chart. No. VI. 
Sig. — Take one every two hours. 
Note. — Why should the following prescription not be prescribed 
in this manner, or what precautions should the pharmacist take ? 

Quiz Will Follow this Exercise. 



EXERCISE No. 24. 



ACIDUM BENZOICUM GROUP. 

Benzoimim.-i, U. S. P. — Benzoin. 

Adeps,-ipis Benzoinatns,-i, U. S. P. — Benzoinated Lard. 

Tinetitrei,-ae Benzoini, U. S. P. — Tincture of Benzoin. 

Tine t ura, -ae Benzoini Composita,-ae, U. S. P. — Compound 
Tincture of Benzoin — Friar's Balsam. 

Acidum, -i Benzoic it m,-i, U. S. P. — Benzoic Acid. 

Ammonii Benzoas,-atis, U. S. P. — Ammonium Benzoate. 

Sodii Benzoas,-atis, U. S. P. — Sodium Benzoate. 

Read W. & W. or N. D. Examine Acidum Benzoicum, Am- 
monii Benzoas, Tinctura Benzoini Composita. 

Benzoin — 

A balsamic resin; occurs in gummy tears; soluble in alcohol; 
contains resins, a volatile oil and Acidum Benzoicum 12-20 %. 

Acidum Benzoicum — 

Prepared from Benzoin by sublimation and a wet process and 
also synthetically from toluene. 

Tests — 

1. Completely vaporizes on heating. 

2. Gently warm 0.5 gm. Acidum Benzoicum, 0.5 gm. K 2 Mn.,O s 
and 5cc. of H 2 in a loosely stoppered t.t. in a water bath 
(45°C); stopper tightly and cool under cold water fancet; 
develops odor of bitter almond oil if cinnamic acid is present. 

3. Pure acid does not decolorize K 2 Mn 2 O s solution. Bring to 
a boil in a t.t. o. 1 gm. Acidum Benzoicum, 5 to gtt. KoMn 2 O s 
solution (1-200), and 5CC. H 2 0. 

(15 8 ) 



160 materia medica. 

Uses — 
Aqueous solution is aided by presence of Sodium Phosphate or 
Borate. Pills with Balsam of Fir or Castile Soap. 

AMMONII BENZOAS. SODII BENZOAS. 

i. Dissolve Acidum Benzoicum 4 gm., in a mixture of Aqua 
Ammoniae 6cc. and Aqua 8cc. Evaporate one-half on water 
bath, keeping alkaline with NH\OH, (why?); set aside to crys- 
tallize; dry between filter papers. Test its properties: 
(a) Soluble in water. 
(<£) Neutral solution. 

(<r) Precipitates flesh colored with ferric salts. 
(d) Evofves NH 3 when heated with KOH. 

2. Add to 2 gm. Acidum Benzoicum suspended in 4CC H 2 0, 
1.5 gm. HNaC0 3 ; after CO., evolution ceases, neutralize care- 
fully, filter and evaporate with frequent stirring, remove heat 
when one-half is evaporated and stir until cold. 

Uses — 

Chief action externally is antiseptic; internally stimulates 
bronchial membranes and renders alkaline urine acid. Am- 
monii Benzoas is the preferable form of administration; Spir- 
itus Chloroformi disguises its taste. Often advantageously 
combined with urinary sedatives as Tinctura Hyoscyami. 
Soluble in 5% of water and the acid in 500 parts. Incompat- 
ible with Ferric salts, Liquor Potassae and acids. 

ANTISEPTIC OILS, MINTS, ETC. 

Oleum, -i Cajuputi, U. S. P. — Oil of Cajuput. 

Oleum, -i Caryophylli, U. S. P. — Oil of Cloves. 

Oleu?n,-i Eucalypti, U. S. P. — Oil of Eucalyptus. 

Oleum, -i GauWieriae, U. S. P. — Oil of Wintergreen. 

Oleum,-i Thymi, U. S. P.— Oil of Thyme. 

Mentha,-ae Piperita, -ae, U. S. P. — Peppermint. 

Oleum, -i Menthae Piperitae, U. S. P. — Oil of Peppermint. 

Spiritus Menthae Piperitae, U. S. P. — Spirit of Peppermint. 

Mentha, -de Viridis, U. S. P. — Spearmint — Greenmint. 



I 62 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Oleum, -i Menthae Viridis, U. S. P. — Oil of Spearmint. 
Spiritus Menthae Viridis, U. S. P. — Spirit of Spearmint. 
Menthol, U. S. P.— Menthol. 
Thymol, U. S. P. — Thymol. 

THYMOL. MENTHOL. 

Examine them. Both freely soluble in alcohol but not in water. 

Both liquefy when treated with Camphor, Chloral, Acidum 

Carbolicum or each other. Both volatilize without residue 

on heating, 
i. Triturate Menthol and Camphor together in a small dish. 

Note result and then add Acidum Sulphuricum and note the 

blue color produced. Reddish brown result. 
2. Dissolve a small crystal of Thymol in glacial acetic acid, 

add 6 gtt. Acidum Sulphuricum and i gt. Acidum Nitricum 

and note the blue-green. Gives no color with Menthol. 

MENTHA PIPERITA. MENTHA VIRIDIS. 

An Oleum, Aqua and Spiritus of each is official. 

Why are they incompatible with aqueous solutions and men- 
struums? 

Chiefly used as a carminative or stimulant in colics and to re- 
lieve or reduce griping of purgatives. Mints repel insects. 
Thymol may attract them. 1-5CC. Oleum Menthae Piperitae, 
ice. Acidum Aceticum Glaciale and 1 gt. Acidum Nitricum 
gives a green, greenish blue or violet color. 

Keep the oils in well stoppered vials, protected from the light 
and in a cool place. 

ANTISEPTIC OILS. 

Oleum Caropliylli — Cloves. 

Incompatible with Liquor Calcis, Iron salts, mineral acids and 

gelatine. Used to prevent griping of purgatives. 

Oleum Gaultheriae (Wintergreen), Cajuputi, Eucalypti and Thymi. 

All are volatile oils and are best administered in emulsions, 

alcoholic, etherial or chloroform solutions. Very good in 

liniments. 



164 materia medica. 

Prescriptions — 

1. Write a compound one. 

Why not use the following prescription? 

John Jones. Feb. nth, 1897. 

Ft Acidi Benzoici 8 . 00 

Sodii Boratis 12 . 00 

Tincturae Ferri Chloridi 4.00 

Aquae Destillatae q. s. ad 1 28 . 00 

M. — Fiat misturae. 

S. — Shake well and take a teaspoonful every 
hour. 

M. D. 

Quiz Will Follow this Exercise. 



EXERCISE No. 25. 



EMETICS. 

Read N. D. and W. & W. articles upon the emetics considered. 

Classes — 

Mineral and vegetable, according to their origin. 
Local and general, according to their action. How determine 
the class? 

Local — 

Alumen, Ammonii Carbonas, Aqua, Cupri Sulphas, Sodii Chlor- 
ldum, Zinci Sulphas and Sinapis. 

General — 

Antimonii et Potassii Tartras, Apomorphia, Ipecacuanha, Scilla 
and Senega. 

LOCAL EMETICS. 

Alumen, -inis, U. S. P. — Alum — Potassium Alum — Ammonium 

and Potassium Sulphate. 
Alumen,— inis Exsiccatum,-i, U. S. P. — Dried Alum — Burnt Alum. 

What is the general formula? How is it prepared and what 
kinds of alums are there? 

i. Alkalies and their carbonates precipitate Alumina Hydras, 
which is insoluble in Aqua Ammoniae or the carbonates, but 
soluble in Liquor Potassae or Sodae. 

2. Place i gm. Alumen on a small evaporating dish and heat 
on the triangle until dried; cool and pulverize; loses 45% of 
its weight. Why place in glass stoppered bottles? Why in- 
compatible with alkalies, mineral salts, tannins and tartrates? 

(166) 



I 68 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Cupri Sulphas, -at 'is, U. S. P. — Copper Sulphate — Blue Vitriol — 

CuSO ± .5H 2 0. 
Zinci Sulphas, -atis, U. S. P.— Zinc Sulphate — ZnSO ± . 7H 2 0. 
Incompatible with alkalies, Argentum, Calcium and Plumbum 

salts; iodides and tannins. Why in each case ? Try some of 

them and note results. 
Examine Exercise No. 8 for Alumen, Cupri Sulphas and Zinci 

Sulphas. 
Sinapis Alba,-ae, U. S. P. — White Mustard. 
Sinapis Nigra,-ae, C S. P. — Black Mustard. 
Ground Mustard is often adulterated with starchy powders. 
Make a decoction of mustard in a t. t. , cool and add Lugol's 

solution: a blue or greenish color indicates adulteration. Why 

cool before adding Lugol's solution? 

GENERAL EMETICS. 

Antimonii et Potassii Tar tr as, —atis, U. S. P. — Antimony and 
Potassium Tartrate — Tartar Emetic — Tartrated Antimony. 
Properties — Examine them. 
i. Physical. 

2. Alcohol precipitates from aqueous solutions. 

3. Test for Chlorides with Argenti Nitras solution. What would 
be the reaction ? 

4. Add Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum to a solution. What 
results? Add an excess and what occurs? 

5. "Cream of Tartar " is the most likely impurity. Dissolve 24 
grs. in a fluid ounce Aqua Destillata, cool and a crystalline pre- 
cipitate will occur if more than 8% of this impurity is present. 

Ipecacuanha, -ae, U. S. P. — Ipecac (root). 

Extract 'um, -/ Ipecacuanhae Fluidum,-i, U. S. P. — Fluid Extract 

of Ipecac. 
Syrupus—i Ipecacuanhac, U. S. P. — Syrup of Ipecac. 
Examine desk sample of the root, and sample of the fluid extract. 
The root contains an acid, alkaloids, a glucoside, tannin, oil, 

gum, etc. 



I 70 MA IERIA MEDTCA. 

The fluid extract is a strong alcoholic preparation, contains 
Glycerinum to prevent its souring and is the chief preparation 
used. 

Incompatibles — 
Why in each case ? 

1. Alumen, Cupri Sulphas or Magnesii Sulphas solution with 
Extractum Ipecacuanhae Fluidum. What would be the incom- 
patible constituent of the Ipecac ? 

2. Ammonii Iodidum solution and Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi. 

3. Potassii Iodidum and Quininae Bisulphas in aqueous solu- 
tions. 

4. Tinctura Cimicifugae and Syrupus. 

5. Tinctura Guaiaci and Tinctura Lavendulae Composita. 

6. Plumbi Acetas and Zinci Sulphas solutions. 

Prescriptions — 

1. Write a compound prescription for emetic purposes. 

2. Would the following prescriptions be compatible, and if not, 
why not ? 

1^ Sodii Salicylatis 2.66 

Quininae Sulphatis 0.66 

Acidi Sulphurici Aromatici o . 66 

Aquae Destillatae q. s. ad 5 . 00 

M.-Sig.- : 

M. D. 

K Ammonii Benzoatis o . 60 

Acidi Nitrici Diluti 1 • 50 

Aquae Menthae Piperitae q. s. ad 6.00 

M.— S. 

, . . . . M. D. 

Quiz Will Follow this Exercise. 



EXERCISE No. 26. 



CATHARTICS. 

Classes — 

Look up in N. D., W. & W., or P. Q. C. 

LAXATIVES. 

Magnesii Carbonas,-atis, U. S. P. — Magnesium Carbonate — 

Magnesia Alba. 
Oleum,-i Ricini, U. S. P. — Castor Oil. 
Sulphur, -is Lotum,-i, U. S. P. — Washed Sulphur. 
Fruits. 

SIMPLE PURGATIVES. 

Aloe,-s Barbadcnsis, U. S. P. — Barbadoes Aloes. 
Aloe,-s Socatrina,-ae, U. S. P. — ^Socatrine Aloes. 
Aloe,-s Purificata,-ac, U. S. P. — Purified Aloes. 
Aloinum,-i, U. S. P. — Aloin. 
Extracium,-i Aloes, U. S. P. — Extract of Aloes. 

All preparations containing Aloes as the chief ingredient. 

Rhamnus,—i Purshiana,-ae, U. S. P. — Cascara Sagrada. 
Extractum,-i RJiamni Pursliianae Fluidum,-i, U. S. P. — Fluid 
Extract of Cascara Sagrada. 
. Rheum,-i, U. S. P. — Rhubarb. 

Extractu7/i,-i RJiei, U. S. P. — Extract of Rhubarb. 
Syrupus,-i Rhei Aromaticus,~i, U. S. P. — Aromatic Syrup of 

Rhubarb. 
Tinctura,-ae Rhei, U. S. P. — Tincture of Rhubarb. 
Senna,-ae, U. S. P. — Senna — Senna-Leaves. 

(172) 






174 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Extractum,-i Sennae Fluidum,-i, U. S. P. — Fluid Extract of 

Senna. 
Pulvis,-eris Glycyrrhizae Compositus,-i, U. S. P. — Compound 

Licorice Powder. 

SALINE PURGATIVES. 

Magnesii Sulphas, -atis, U. S. P. — Magnesium Sulphate — Epsom 

Salt— MgS0 4 .7H 2 0. 
Magnesii Citras,-atis Effervescens,-tis, U. S. P. — Effervescent 

Magnesium Citrate. 
Potassii Bitartras,-atis, U. S. P. — Potassium Bitartrate — Cream 

of Tartar— HKQH 4 2 . 
Potassii et Sodii Tar tr as, —atis, U. S. P. — Potassium Sulphate. 
So dii Sulphas,— atis, U. S. P. — Sodium Sulphate — Glauber's salt. 

DRASTIC PURGATIVES. 

Cambogia,-ae U. S. P. — Gamboge. 
Jalapa,—ae, U. S. P. — Jalap. 

Extractum,-i Jalapae, U. S. P.— Extract of Jalap. 
Pulvis,-eris Jalapae Compositus,-i, U. S. P. — Compound Jalap 

Powder. 
Oleum, -i Tiglii, U. S. P. — Croton Oil. 
Sc ammonium,— i, U. S. P. — Scammony. 

CHOLOGOGUE PURGATIVES. 

Hydrargyrum Preparations. 

Leptandra,-ae, U. S. P. — Leptandra — Culver's Root — Black- 
root. 

Podophyllum, -i, U. S. P. — Podophyllum — May-apple — Man- 
drake-root. 

Resina,-ae Podophylli, U. S. P. — -Resin of Podophyllum. 

Examine Sulphur Lotum, Magnesii Carbonas, Magnesii Sulphas, 
Sodii Phosphas, Potassii et Sodii Tartras, Potassii Tartras, 
Oleum Ricini, Rheum and Extractum Rhamni Purshiana. 
Desk samples of Castor Bean, Aloe, Rhamnus Purshiana, 
Cambogia, Jalapa, Podophyllum and Scammonium. 



176 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Magnesii Carbonas: — What is the composition of the official salt? 
What varieties and how prepared? Agreeably given in car- 
bonated waters. Dissolve a little in Acidum Nitricum Dilutum. 
What occurs ? Add Argenti Nitras solution and Barii Chlori- 
dum solution to separate portions of the preceding solution, 
and if they precipitate, what is indicated ? 

Magnesii Sulphas: — Test as with Magnesii Carbonas and Acidum 
Nitricum Dilutum. Most active when taken well diluted and 
on an empty stomach. Advisable in febrile affections because 
of its refrigerant effects. 

Pulvis,—eris Effervescens,—tis Compositus,-i, U. S. P. — Com- 
pound Effervescent Powder — Seidlitz Powder. What is its 
composition and method of administration ? 

Sodii P/iosphas: — How is it prepared ? What is its composition ? 

Oleum Ricini: — How is the oil prepared? It is best adminis- 
tered in milk, coffee, lemon juice, whiskey, aromatic waters, 
etc. 

Hydrargyrum Preparations: — Refer to Exercise No. 8. 

Uses — 

Aloe: — Habitual constipation, governing griping by Hyoscya- 

mus, etc. Good stomachic. Not used in pregnancy, men- 

orrhagia or piles. 
Rhamnus Purshiana: — Aromatic fluid extract is the best form to 

use. Aqua Chloroformi is the best menstruum. Has strong 

bitter principles, resins, etc. 
Rheum: — Where the bowel trouble is due to indigestion. Never 

alone because of its griping; Sodii Bicarbonas is a useful 

adjuvant. 
Podophyllum: — Used as a chologogue only, hence in biliousness. 

Slow acting; begin with a small dose; govern griping with 

H/oscyamus, etc. 
Senna: — Best in simple constipation. Nauseating and griping. 

Infusion said to contain more of the active principles, but it 

decomposes very rapidly. What is "Black Draught?" 



178 materia medica. 

Incompatibles 

i. Is Liquor Calcis or Liquor Potassae compatible with Mag- 

nesii Carbonas, Magnesii Sulphas or Sodii Phosphas? 
2. Would a liquid prescription containing Magnesii Sulphas 

and Sodii Phosphas be compatible? 

Prescriptions — 

Write a compound one. 

Quiz Will Follow this Exercise. 



EXERCISE No. 27. 



DIURETICS. 



Read W. & W. article (page 60) on this class of remedies. 
Read up each preparation in your text books. 

Acidum,-i Benzoicum,-i, U. S. P. — Benzoic Acid. Refer to 

No. 24. 
Buchu, U. S. P. — Buchu (leaves of long and short). 
Extractum,—i Buchu Fluidum,—i, U. S. P. — Fluid Extract of 

Buchu. 
An infusion is also used of this drug. 

Copaiba,- ae, U. S. P. — Copaiba — Balsam of Copaiba. 
Massa,-ae Copaibae, U. S. P. — Mass of Copaiba — Solidified 

Copaiba. 
Oleum, -i Copaibae, U. S. P. — Oil of Copaiba. 
Resin,— ae Copaibae, U. S. P. — Resin of Copaiba. 

How would the urine be tested for the resin, and how distin- 
guish it from albumen ? 

Best given in capsules, but may be given in alcoholic mixtures, 
Mucilago or Syrupi. 
Digitalis, U. S. P. — Digitalis. Refer to No. 9. 

How is Infusum Digitalis made and best administered ? 

Examine desk sample of Digitalis and Tinctura Digitalis. 
Hydrargyrum,— i Chloridum,-i Mite, -is, U. S. P. — Calomel. 

Has feeble action in itself but often proves a powerful ad- 
juvant. 

Nitrites: — Refer to No. 19. What governs their incompatibilities ? 

( 1 So) 



182 MATERIA MED1CA. 

Potassium Salts: — Refer to No. 4. (Acetate, Citrate and Nitrate. ) 

Always administer well diluted with Aqua. 

How do they affect the reaction of the urine ? 
Scilla,-ae, U. S. /'.—Squill. Refer to No. 10. 

Why not use in Acute Bright's Disease ? 
Uva,-ae Ursi, U. S. P. — Bearberry. 
Extractunty—i Uvac Ursi Fluidum, -i, U. S. P. — Fluid Extract of 

Uva Ursi. 

Incompatible with Argentum, Ferrum and Plumbum prepara- 
tions, alkaloids, gelatinum and mineral acids. 

Why do they color the urine ? 
What constituent of Hollands (Gin) makes it of value in Chronic 

Bright's Disease ? 

Incompatibles — 

1. Try Tinctura Digitalis with Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilu- 
tum, Plumbi Acetas solution and Tinctura Ferri Chloridi each. 

2. Try Syrupus Scillae with Liquor Potassae. 

3. Try Extractum Buchu Fluidum with Aqua Destillata. 

4. Try Extractum Uvae Ursi Fluidum with an alkaloidal solu- 
tion and Tinctura Ferri Chloridi. 

5. Try Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi with Acidum Tannicum and 
Potassii Iodidum solutions each. 

6. Try Potassii Acetas and Quininae Sulphas solutions to- 
gether. 

7. Try Ammonii Benzoas solution with Acidum Hydrochlori- 
cum Dilutum. 

ECBOLICS. EMMENAGOGUES. 

Read articles in your text books on each drug and class in general. 

Ergota,-ae, U. S. P. — Ergot. Refer to No. 9. 

Quinina Salts. — Refer to No. 20. 

Powerful Purgatives. 

Oleum Rue, Oleum Saoinae, etc. 

Asafoetida, Borax, Cantharis and Quaiacum. 



[84 materia medica. 

Prescriptions — 

Write out corrections for each and hand to instructors. 

i . It Liq. Potass 

Mag. Sulph 

Aq. Cinnam. q. s. ft oz. IV 

M. — Ft. mist. — Sig. 

2. K; Mist. Rhei et Sodii 25.00 

Ac. Hyd. (Dil.) 5.00 

Aq. Dest. ad 1 28 . 00 

M. — Sig. — Teaspoonful every 2 hours. 

3. ]^ Extr. Buchu Fl 16.00 

Spts. Aether. Nit 1 2 . 00 

Ac. Potass 20 . 00 

Aq. Chloroformi ad. q. s 128.00 

4. Ly Potass. Acetatis 100 . 00 

Tr. Cinchonae 50 . 00 

Inf. Digitalis ad. q. s 256 .00 

M. — Sig. — Tablespoonful every 3 hours. 

Quiz Will Follow this Exercise. 



EXERCISE No. 28. 



TOPICAL AGENTS. 

Read N. D. articles on the drugs considered. 

RUBEFACIENTS. 

Camphor a, -ac, U. S. P. — Camphor. 

Linimentuniy-i Camphor ae, U. S. P. — Camphor Liniment. 
Linimentum^—i Saponis, U. S. P. — Soap Liniment. 
Cantharis,-idis, U. S. P. — Cantharides — Spanish Flies. 
Ceratum,-i Cantharidis, U. S. P. — Cantharides Cerate. 
Collodtum,—i Cantharidatum,-i, U.S. P. — Cantharidal Collodion. 
Tinctura,-ae Cantharidis, U. S. P. — Tincture of Cantharides. 
Capsicum,-?, U. S. P. — Capsicum — Cayenne Pepper — African 

Pepper. 
Extractum,-i Capsici F/itiditm,-i, U. S. P. — Fluid Extract of 

Capsicum. 
Rmplastrum,-i Capsici, U. S. P. — Capsicum Plasters. 
Tinctura,-ac Capsici, U. S. P. — Tincture of Capsicum. 
Pix,-icis Burgundica,-ae, U. S. P. — Burgundy Pitch. 
Pix,-icis Liquida,-ae, U. S. P. — Tar. 
Oiei/)/i,-i Picis Liquidae, U. S. P. — Oil of Tar. 
I7nguentum,-i Picis Liquidae, U. S. P. — Tar Ointment. 
Sinapis AIba,-ac, U. S. P.— White Mustard. 
Sinapis Nigra,-ae, U. S. P. — Black Mustard. 
Oleum, -i Sinapis Volatile, U. S. P. — Volatile Oil of Mustard. 

EPISPASTICS. 

Cantharis,-idis, U. S. P. — Cantharides. 

Acidum,—i Aceticum, i Glaciate, -is, U. S. P. — Glacial Acetic Acid. 

(186) 



i88 



MATERIA MEUICA. 



Aqua,-ae Ammoniae Port ior, -oris, U. S. P. — Stronger Ammonia 

Water. 

PUSTULANTS. 

Antimonii et Potassii Tartras,-atis, U. S. P. — Antimony and 

Potassium Tartrate. 

Oleum -i Tiglii, U. S. P.— Croton Oil. 

EMOLLIENTS. 
Adeps,-ipis Lanae Hydrosus,-i, U. S. P. — Hydrous Wool-Fat — 

Lanoline. 
Icthyollum, -i. — Icthyol. 
Linum,-i, U. S. P. — Linseed — Flaxseed. 
Oleum, -i Lini, U. S. P. — Linseed Oil. 
Mel, -is, U. S. P.— Honey. 

Mel, -is Despumatum,-i, U. S. P. — Clarified Honey. 
Petrolatum, -i Liguidum,-i, U. S. P. — Liquid Petrolatum. 
Petrolatum, -i Mo lie, -is, U. S. P. — Soft Petrolatum. 
Petrolatum, -i Spissum,-i, U. S. P. — Hard Petrolatum. 

Refer to Cataplasmata (No. 15), Linimenta (No. 17) and Un- 
guenta (No. 19.) 

Examine preparations placed out. 

Incompatif.les — 

1. Tinctura Ferri Chloridi and Tinctura Cinchonae. 

2. Tinctura Guaiaci and Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum. 

3. Tinctura Cannabis Indicae and Aqua Chloroformi. 

4. Liquor Iodi Compositus and Plumbi Acetas solution. 

5. Syrupus Scillae and Ammonii Carbonas. 

6. Syrupus Ipecacuanhae and Spiritus Frumenti. 

7. Sodii Bicarbonas solution and Antimonii et Potassii Tartras. 

8. Sodii Phosphas and Magnesii Sulphas solutions. 

9. Antipyrinum and Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi. 

10. Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite and Acidum Nitricum Dilutum. 

Prescriptions — 

1 . It 01. Sinapis Vol 40 . 00 

Oleores. Capsic 50 . 00 

Aqua q. s. ad 390 . 00 

M.^ — Ft. Lin. Sig. — Apply. 



190 MATERIA MFDICA. 

2. ]^ 01. Terebinth 20.00 

Ol. Picis Liq 50 . 00 

Aq. Chlor 25 . 00 

Muc. Acaciae q. s. ad 192 .00 

M. — Ft. mist. Sig. — Apply to the bruise. 

Write out the results giving reasons for the ten incompatible 
mixtures and also the corrections to be made in the two pre- 
scriptions. 

This is the last laboratory exercise, hence see that the apparatus 
is clean and put away in proper condition. 






THERAPEUTIC EXERCISES. 



THERAPEUTICS 

EXERCISE No. 1. 



GENERAL PHYSICS OF ELECTRICITY. 

GALVANISM. 

A Voltaic or Galvanic cell, composed of two metals placed in a 
conducting liquid. All metals are electro-positive or electro- 
negative. 

The liquid is usually acid, and a chemical action takes place between 
the metals and the acid. The acid acts with greater force 
upon one plate than upon the other, and the one upon wh?ch 
the action is greater is called the positive plate and the other 
the negative plate. The direction of the current in the cell 
is always from the positive to the negative plate. 

Poles of a Battery — 

If two wires connect the metals outside of the cell, the one from 
the negative plate is called the positive pole and the one from 
the positive plate is called the negative pole. 

Conductors — 

All substances conduct electricity to a greater or less extent. 
Good Conductors : — Most all metals. Mercury is a poor con- 
ductor. Saline waters and acids are good conductors. Hot 
water better than cold. 
Poor Conductors; — Glass, silk, India rubber, skin, etc, 

(*94) 



196 therapeutics. 

Ampere — 

Unit of measure of current strength. Explain. 

Ohm — 

Unit of measure of resistance. Explain. 

Volt— 

Unit of measure of Electro-motive force. Explain. 

Resistance — 

Internal and External. Explain them. That of human body is 
called 3000 ohms, but may vary greatly. 

Ohm's Law — 

Current strength equals the Electro-motive Force (E. M. F. ) 
divided by the sum of the Internal and External Resistances 
(I. R. + E. R.) 

E. M. F. 

C = Explain and illustrate this law. 

I. R. -f E. R. 

APPARATUS. 

Batteries — 

Primary: — Until recently the sole source for direct currents in 
therapeutics. Portable and Stationary. The Portable are 
hard to construct to furnish high enough E. M. F. for all 
practical purposes. Requires up to 20 ma. Stationary are 
easily constructed and maintained; 50 cells furnishing 60-70 V. 
Secondary or Accumulators : — Neither convenient nor economical; 
used in heating cauteries and exploring lamps. 

Dynamos— 

Direct Current Dynamo currents may be readily adapted to thera- 
peutics, thus employing the lighting dynamo or the power 
dynamos below 500 V. strength. Commutator changes current 
from that of a primary battery by a slight but uniform variation 
in strength; the difference could be illustrated by straight and 
slightly undulating lines; action the same on the system. 



190 therapeutics. 

Current Regulators — 

Rheostats — Fluid, Graphite and Wire. 

Fluid Rheostats vary with the amount of fluid used and nature 
and purity of it. The decomposition going on in them pre- 
vents accurate measurement. 

Graphite Rheostats also cannot be graduated, as their resistance 
varies. 

Wire Rheostats are most reliable if well made; their resistance 
can be measured accurately; German silver wire best; very 
expensive. 

Battery Switches — 

(Current Selectors) — Used to throw current from greater or less 

number of cells into the circuit. Does not completely replace 

the rheostat. 
Dynamo Current Controllers: Decrease or shunt the current. 

Milliamperemeters — 

Measurers of the Current strength. 

Therapeutic currents never exceed 500 ma., and usually 5-20 ma. 

Two types used in therapeutics; one having the indicating needle 
itself a magnet, and the other having a bar of soft iron sur- 
rounded by a coil of conducting wire suspended between the 
poles of a permanent magnet. The second is the better form. 

Conducting Cords and Tips — 

The cords are of wire or brass tinsel, cotton or silk covered; 

must be of good material to make steady current. 
Tips are of all shapes and sizes; should be more uniform for 

general use. 

Electrodes — 

Must vary in material, size, shape, etc., to meet requirements of 
the individual cases; many useless forms now made; requires 
careful selection. 



EXERCISE No. 2. 

ELECTROLYSIS. 

Electrolysis — 

Electro-chemical decomposition that takes place in the immediate 
neighborhood of the poles or electrodes. 

Anodal Electrolysis is that decomposition occurring around the 
positive pole. 

Cathodal Electrolysis is that occurring around the negative pole. 

Electrolyte is the body decomposed by the current. 

Anion is applied to the products collected at the positive pole. 

Cathion is applied to the products collected at the negative pole. 

Electrolysis is due to the chemical action at the entrance and de- 
parture of the current. Why must the electrolytes be in solution ? 

Molecules contain electro-positive and electro-negative constit- 
uents and electrolysis causes molecular rearrangements with 
separation and movement to proper pole. Why the same 
action on body fluids ? 

Which collect at the Anode and which at the Cathode ? 

Amount of electrolysis is governed by the density and strength 
of the current and length of time of application. What ele- 
ment is deposited on the negative plate in a solution of a 
Copper salt and how much ? 

Electrodes — 

Active and Dispersing. Form, position and use. 

ANODAL ELECTROLYSIS. 

Meaning. 

Anode collects acids, Oxygen, Chlorine, and other electro- 
negative ions. 

(200) 



202 THERAPEUTICS. 

The electrodes should be gold or platinum plated. How are 

those of other metals affected ? 
Show the effect upon a piece of raw beef. 

Causes of the Effects — 
i. The elements attracted. 

2. Molecular disintegration. 

3. Effect on albumenoid substances. 

4. Action of the products of the decomposing needles. 

Therapeutics — 
Why is it destructive to animal tissues? 

1. Angeiomata: Their structure and the reasons for anodal 
application. 

2. Haemorrhagic Mucous Membranes: Nasal and Uterine. 

3. Warts, moles, polypi and fungous growths; cut them off at 
the base unless too large. How is this best done ? 

4. Parisitical and Bacterial disorders: What is the method of 

action ? 

METALLIC ELECTROLYSIS. 
Define. 

Uses: — Copper, Zinc and Iron Electrodes. 

Why restricted to the Anode and where should it not be used? 

CATHODAL ELECTROLYSIS. 

1. Why do we not consider its local effects ? 

2. Show its action in water. 

3. Hydrogen, alkalies, etc., are attracted. 

4. Hydrogen gas collects in the meshes of the flesh and the 
alkalies unite with the albumenoids, softening and liquefying 
them. 

Therapeutics — 
1. Cicatrices. 



Fibromas and Hyperplasias. 

Fungous growths, warts, and non-vascular epithelial growths. 
Superfluous hairs; size of the electrode and the reasons for it. 
Exostoses and Enchondroses, as the nasal. 
Why is it better than surgery in the above cases? 



EXERCISE No. 3 ( 



CATAPHORESIS. 

Definitional limitations. Shown first in aiding osmosis. 

Elements travel in either direction of the current. Shown by a 
cotton covered Cathode (moistened with solution of Potassium 
Iodide) and separated from a cotton covered Anode (moist- 
ened in water) by some membrane and free Iodine appears 
on the Anode cotton. Why and how? Reverse the current 
and what is the result? 

Anode increases the effect of a solution of Cocaine. 

Conclusions — 

i. May pass either way of the current. 

2. May convey molecules. 

3. Negative elements to Anode and positive to the Cathode. 

4. Anode conveys Cocaine, Tincture Aconite, Helleborine, 
Strychninae Nitrate, Menthol, Mercury Bichloride. 

5. Cathode conveys Sulphur, Potassium Iodide, Bromine Salts, 
Eosine, etc. 

Therapeutics — 

1. Moving tissue fluids at the operator's will. 

2. Removing liquids and substances desirable to eliminate. 

3. Introducing medicines. 

4. Local anasthesia. 

Examples — 

1. Drawing fluids to atrophic or ill nourished tissues by the 
Cathode, as in Chronic Ulcers, Arthritic cases, etc. 

(204) 



206 THERAPEUTICS. 

2. Baths; principles upon which the tubs must be constructed. 

3. Anaesthesia for minor surgical operations. 

Current Strength — 

Directly proportional to the electric pressure, electric conductivity 
of fluids used, and of the surface of the partition and inversely 
proportional to the thickness of the partition. 

CATALYSIS. 

Definition. How does it differ from Electrolysis ? 

Depends upon all the effects previously mentioned, but they do 
not account for all the effects of the current. 

Interpolar chemical action when the Galvanic current passes 
through the tissues. 

Theory: — A liquid with a uniform resistance, the polar molecular 
decomposition will take an atom from the next inter-polar 
molecule and so on until the opposite pole is reached. (Gro- 
thuss or Clausius.) 

Electrolysis is the basis; calls the ions to the poles and these ions 
come from molecular decomposition. Can show this by a 
solution of Sodium Sulphate in a series of beakers connected 
by. copper wires and a little Phenol-phthalein in each beaker 
and the passage of the current causes the separation of Soda 
at the Cathode and the production of a violet color. 

Tissues of the body are not homogeneous, hence this theory 
must be modified there, but the polar actions will occur at 
each change of tissues. 

Secondary Effects — 

(Cataphoresis. ) 

How are they aided by electrotonic effects? 

How are the trophic changes caused ? Directly by the action on 
the cell and indirectly by the action on the nerves of the cell. 

Final solution depends upon Physiological and Bacteriological 
Chemistry. 

Neurologists and general practitioners use this to check degen- 
eration. 



2o3 THERAPEUTICS. 

The catalytic action on deep seated tissues is concentrated by- 
reducing the other resistances, as by moistening the skin with 
saline solutions, also the electrodes, and the latter must be of 
proper size for the density of the current. The parts treated 
are more affected the more directly they are in line between 
the electrodes. 



EXERCISE No. 4. 



PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF GALVANISM. 

Definition: Certain effects neither physical nor mechanical, but 
dependent upon the peculiar properties of the living organ- 
ism or tissues and the nature of their responses to this 
form of stimulus. 

Use is made of these effects in detecting grades of pathological 
changes. 

THERAPEUTICAL APPLICATIONS. 

Muscle Tissue Reactions — 
All. the muscles contract. 
Sti'iped: — Time of contractions and the reasons. 

Strength of normal muscle response depends upon the current 

strength. 
Order of contractions in normal and abnormal muscles differ. 
Difficulty of maintaining constant current because of the tis- 
sues traversed presenting varying resistances, hence some 
slight contractions may occur with the changing current. 
Unstriped: — Responds more slowly, hence slowly interrupted 
currents are best. Passive congestions. 
Abdominal organs; atony, dilatation, feeble contractions, 
diminished blood supply, etc., are relieved. 
Conclusions: — Direct current excites function, improves and 
maintains nutrition impaired by abnormal conditions of the 
muscles or their nerve supply. 

(210) 



212 therapeutics. 

Nerve Tissue Reactions — 

Differs with peripheral, sensory, motor, secretory, etc. 

What is the effect of the application to the tract of a motor 

nerve and how is this used in diagnosis? 
Why is this better than to the muscles themselves ? 
What is the effect of the Anode and of the Cathode upon sensory 

nerves ? 
Electrotonus; Anelectrotonus and Catelectrotonus. 
Effects and methods of application of Anode in Neuralgias, etc. 
Effects and methods of application of Cathode in sluggish stages. 
How do electrolysis and cataphoresis aid the effects? How may 

we show that all the effects are not due to these actions? 

Effects on Protoplasm — 
Retrograde metabolism. 
Action on cell protoplasm and nucleus; on cell molecules; on 

cell activities, etc. 
Cell nutrition more affected by constant current than by any 

other. 
Best results defined by future researches. 

Current of 15-20 Ma. for a few minutes daily gives the best 
results. 



EXERCISE No. 5. 



DIRECT CURRENT DIAGNOSIS. 

Its proper application requires thorough knowledge of topograph- 
ical anatomy of the human body, and more than ordinary 
familiarity with the technique of the electrical appliances. 

Basis of Its Application — 

Electrodes — Size of the active and the dispersing; positions in use. 

How can we proceed from physiological reactions to therapeu- 
tical applications to the human body for pathological con- 
ditions? 

Actions on the Motor Nerves — 

Contraction of the Muscles Supplied — How Produced and Varied 

— Normal Order: — 
Cathodal closing (C. C.) 
Anodal closing (A. C. or A. C. C.) 
Anodal opening (A. O. or A. O. C.) 
Cathodal opening (C. O. or C. O. C.) 
Method of testing the normal order. 
How used to determine increased and decreased irritability? 

Action on the Muscles — 
Why use in diagnosis ? 
What is the motor point ? 
Why avoid the motor point ? 
Position of the electrodes. 
Qualitative and quantitative changes. 

(214) 



2l6 THERAPEUTICS. 

Reaction of Degeneration (R. D.) — 
A change from the normal order. 
Typical and partial R. D. and the diseases in which they are 

observed. 
Indicates the progress of the diseases or of the recovery by its 

character. 

Action on the Sensory Nerves — 

Why are their results so slight in value? 

Analgesia. 

Hyperalgesia. 

Motor results distinguish between functional and organic dis- 
eases; determine prognosis and the treatment to be employed; 
assists the orthopedic surgeon to decide the advisability of 
operations; is a certain means for demonstrating the falsity 
of feigned paralysis; aids in locating lesions. 

Currents for Normal Contractions — 



Contraction. 


Ulnar. 


Musculo - Spira I. 


Median. 


C. C. 


i .0 Ma. 


1.8 Ma. 


0.8 Ma. 


A. C. 


1 .3 Ma. 


3.5 Ma. 


0.9 Ma. 


A. O. 


2.5 Ma. 


3.7 Ma. 


1 .0 Ma. 


C. O. 


4.9 Ma. 


9.0 Ma. 


6.0 Ma. 



EXERCISE No. 6. 



CAUTERY. 



Use the heat and not the electricity itself, as the current does not 
traverse the body. 

Galvanic circuit has the same amount of current at every point. 

Heating effect depends upon the resistance, hence requires a cir- 
cuit with small resistance in its main portion but a part of 
comparatively high resistance where the amount of heat gen- 
erated is in direct proportion to the quantity of the current 
passing in a unit of time. The heat may render this portion 
incandescent. 

Cautery circuits should have little or no resistance except at the 
knife or burner. Why ? Construction of the burner and why ? 

Resistance seldom exceeds o. i Ohm and the current strength varies 
from 2-30 Am. according to the size of the burner and the 
nature of the work required. Must decrease internal resist- 
ance to increase the current. 

How does the circuit differ from those where the body forms a part ? 

Apply Ohm's law to this current. 

Sources — 

Primary Batteries: — Stationary and portable; small internal 
resistance and great amount of current. What kind of cells 
are best? Why use a rheostat? What varies the E. M. F. ? 
Advantages. 
Secondary Batteries: — Ideal sources. Use of the rheostat. 
Advantages: — Cleanly, portable, constant E. M. F., double 
the Am. hours of the bichromate battery of equal size. 
(218) 



2 20 THERAPEUTICS. 

Disadvantages: — Recharging from dynamos, whether used or 
not; easily damaged in using; can not tell the amount of 
the charge, hence it may fail at any moment. Short circuit. 
Dynamo Currents : — Direct is very convenient if obtainable. Few 
lamp circuits are strong enough currents. Size of conductors 
between the mains and the rheostat and the size of the rheo- 
stat are determined by the maximum strength of the current 
required by the cautery. Alternating. 
Milliamperemeters: — Why are they not used? 

Advantages over the thermo- cautery are the ease of limiting its 
action, ability to use in cavities, continuous heat, size, accu- 
racy of application, etc. 

ELECTRIC LIGHT. 

Use in Diagnosis — 

i. Illuminating cavities of the body; lamp placed in any con- 
venient position, carried into cavities, brought into contact 
with the surfaces to be examined. 

2. Advantages in surgical uses. 

3. Light is whiter, more intense and has less comparative heat. 

4. Trans-illumination: Methods of use and regions to which 
applicable. 

Electrodes and Their Structure — 

Current Strength: — .3-1.6 Am., owing to the resistance to be met. 
Ordinary lamps have 3-200 Ohms; trans-illuminating lamps, 
3-30 Ohms. Ordinary lamps have far more resistance than 
the cautery, hence higher E. M. F. and weaker current is 
required than in the cautery. 

Resistances met by the current. 

Polarization. 

Accessory appliances. 

Batteries — Structure and Size — 

Primary: — Arrangement and capacity is determined by the re- 
sistance of the lamp and the current required to light it. 






222 THERAPEUTICS. 

Apply Ohm's law. May decrease internal resistance by in- 
creasing size of the zinc plate and carbon plate and using 
Chromic acid instead of a bichromate, but these are cumber- 
some and hard to keep in condition. 

Secondary: — Better than primary but difficult to maintain. 

Dynamos: — Especially if an alternating, use a transformer. 

Therapeutics — 

i. Similar to sunlight; will tan the skin; arc light promotes and 
retards vegetation. 

2. Bactericidal, especially the violet or chemical. 

3. Disinfectant and deodorizer, especially the arc light. 



EXERCISE No. 7. 



FARADISM. 

History. 

Principles of its production. Peculiarities of the current. Illus- 
trate by a galvanometer and a galvanic cell; conclusions of this: 
i. Metallic conductor with galvanic current flowing brought 
near to and parallel to another metallic conductor induces a 
current in opposite direction. 

2. Conductors remaining stationary and current of constant 
strength the induced current stops. 

3. Inducing conductor removed causes induced current again, 
but in same direction as itself. 

4. Inducing current of decidedly decreasing strength causes 
direct current. 

5. Inducing current of decidedly increasing strength causes 
reverse current. 

6. Inducing circuit broken, a momentary direct current; closed, 
a momentary reverse current. 

Coils and Currents — 

Primary and Secondary Currents and Coils. 

Effect on secondary current of opening and closing the primary. 

Construction and principles of the coils. How cause alter- 
nating? 

Strength of secondary coil currents are proportionate to the 
number of turns of primary coil, multiplied by the number of 
turns of secondary. 

Coarse and fine wire secondary coils and their effects. 

Ruhmkorff's coil. DuBois Raymond coil. 

(224) 



2 26 THERAPEUTICS. 

Potential of induced current varies with length and diameter of the 
wire. Strength of current depends upon amount of primary 
coil covered by secondary coil or amount of the central iron bar 
covered by the cylinder. Armament for rapid interruption. 

Batteries — 

DuBois Raymond type is not portable. 

Galvanic cell of high E. M. F. and little I. R. to furnish primary 
current; should be easily cleaned and replenished; able to 
withdraw elements from the fluid when at rest. Slow and 
rapid interruptions. 

Conclusions — 

Galvano-Induction Currents Must Have: 

i. A source of electrical energy, such as the ordinary galvanic 

cell, as there must be a primary current before there can be 

an induced current. 

2. An interrupting device, as the current in the secondary coil, 
which is the real Faradic current, depends upon the making 
and breaking of the current in the primary coil for its own 
interruptions and character. Galvanometer will show a cur- 
rent only upon the interruption of the primary. 

3. A primary coil to conduct the inducing current. It should 
consist of a few turns of a thoroughly insulated, rather large 
copper wire. 

4. A secondary coil, consisting of many turns of insulated fine 
copper wire, to slip over the primary coil, completely encir- 
cling it but not coming in contact in which the induced cur- 
rent is formed. 

5. An electro-magnet or core, so that the strength of the current 
may be intensified, and a sliding cylinder to vary the induction 
effects and thus modify the strength of the application. 

Characteristics of the Induced Currents — 

Primary: — Sudden moderate variations; unipolar direction of 

current. 
Secondary: — Sudden great variations; bipolar direction of the 

current. 



228 



THERAPEUTICS. 



Physiological Action — 

Primary current (less E. M. F. ) causes less pain on normal tissues. 
Secondary has greater stimulating effects. Protoplasmic action. 

Diagnosis — 

Detect increased or decreased excitability. 

Muscles respond only when motor nerve is intact or trophic 

centers normal. 
Selection of battery and apparatus for best results. 
Method of use for general and local diagnosis. 

Therapeutics — 

i. Hemiplegia, with exalted muscular contractility. 

2. Neuralgia, where pain is not increased by pressure. 

3. Hysteria. 

4. General debility, for its tonic effects. 

5. Diphtheritic paralysis. 

6. Anosmia. 

7. Muscular rheumatism. 

8. Asthenopia, with hyperesthesia of retina and ciliary nerves. 

9. Constipation. 
10.. Agalactia. 

11. Paralysis of the bladder. 

12. Amenorrhoea, Dysmenorrhoea, etc. 

13. Threatened abortion, Subinvolution of the womb, Sterility, 

etc. 



EXERCISE No. 8. 



STATIC ELECTRICITY. 

Machines — 

Structure, mode of working, etc. 

History. 

Otto von Guericke's machine the first; Winckler, 1740; Rams- 
den, 1760. 

Hoist, requiring primary current to be supplied and this is mul- 
tiplied by induction as the plates rotate. Readily loses its 
charge when at rest or when the air is warm and humid, and 
at times it is very hard to recharge. 

Topler and Wimshurst machines are self-exciting; metal buttons 
on a revolving plate come in contact with brushes of wire on 
arms and this friction starts the current; the metal buttons, 
etc., are a detriment. 

A small Wimshurst to start the charge and a large Hoist for 
medicinal use are a good combination. The Wimshurst being 
very reliable in creating a difference in potential, as its struc- 
ture is such as to give a large amount of friction between the 
metallic buttons and brushes, which are of greater number 
than on the Topler machine, but the mechanism is not such 
as to secure durability in large machines, hence not as valu- 
able as a Topler or Hoist for quantity of electricity. 

Leyden jars on all medicinal static machines to increase the 
quantity. The inside of one is charged with P. and the other 
with N., and by induction the outside of each with opposite 
potential from that within. Conductors connected with outer 

(230) 



232 THERAPEUTICS. 

coatings of the jars lead off this induced current, which is 
called the "static induced current," and resembles the cur- 
rent from the fine wire of a medical induction coil, being 
alternating and interrupted but with high potential, the E. M. 
F. being far in excess of any medical induction current. In- 
terruptions depend upon what? 

Resistance: — E. M. F. required to force a spark across the air 
gap. Direct currents can not. Most powerful medical-induc- 
tion coils through small gap only. Static through gap of 8-10 
inches (20-25 cm.) Voltage is high but current passing is 
small, a fraction of an Ma. 

Spark: — Due to sudden breaking down of the dielectric, owing 
to the difference in potential overcoming the resistance of the 
air gap. Not electricity itself but heat and light generated in 
intervening matter. Not unidirectional but oscillatory; very 
rapid; decreasing in amplitude. 1 mm. long indicates E. M. 
F. of 2000 V.; 1 cm., 10000 V.; 10 cm., 100000 V. 

Electric Breeze: — Potential difference may manifest itself besides 
as a spark. Dust, water, vapor, etc., become charged and 
are repelled or attracted according to their polarity. A stream 
of these form the "Electric breeze," and if with light the 
"Brush discharge." 

P. and N. conductors are best determined in the dark, the P. 
being recognized by the collecting comb tips showing points 
of light and the N. side presents a brush form of light. Can 
not tell from the Leyden jars. 

Efficiency is maintained by keeping piates free from dust, mois- 
ture, etc. Need a surrounding case where air can be dried 
and dust kept out. All unnecessary points should be 
avoided. 

Quantity is increased by increase in size and number of the 
plates, but therapeutic application ends at a certain point; 
8 plates, 28-36 inches. 

Electrodes: — Form depends upon the region to which they are 
applied. 



234 therapeutics. 

Therapeutics — 

i. Electric massage, causes strong contractions of muscles, 
little pain. 

2. Alleviating pain, sciatica, ovarian pain, acute tonsillitis. 

3. Insomnia. 

4. Neurasthenia and general nervous disorders. 



EXERCISE No. 9. 



ALTERNATING CURRENTS. 

Many forms. 

Currents with similar properties or physical characteristics, no 

matter what their source, will produce similar physiological 

effects. 

Secondary Coil Currents — 

Must determine practically all the characteristics of flow and an 
inducted current, viz. : — Rate of frequency of its interruptions 
or alternations; degree and regularity of its potential varia- 
tions; amount of the current; etc., as a basis to compare 
physical properties, which is first requisite for accurate results. 

This current though alternating is interrupted; its N. potential 
is greater than its P. potential, neither exceeding 300 V.; rate 
of frequency is variable and does not exceed 250 periods per 
second; current rarely exceeds 6 Ma. 

Can now produce currents in which any one of these factors 
may be varied to almost any desired extent. 

Sinusoidal Cukrent — 

Extremes of P. and N. variations of potential are equal; rise and 
fall from the maximum to zero is gradual and uniform; con- 
tinuous; may differ as to their E. M. F. and the frequency of 
their alternation rate. 

Strictly sinusoidal current waves are not produced. 

Medical magneto-electric machines, without a commutator, 



give sinusoidal current. 



(236) 






238 therapeutics. 

Machine Structure — 

Frame; 12 poles; primary or field coils; secondary or delivery 

coils; armature. 
Driving the armature changes a continuous primary current into 

alternating secondary waves by its slots and projections; 24 

alternations or 12 periods per revolution and 80 revolutions 

per second are possible. 
Strength of the secondary current depends upon that of the 

primary, and a rheostat will vary this independent of the rate 

of frequency. 
Sources of the primary current; an available capacity of 2 Am. 
Flow of the current; its strength, character, etc. 
Ordinary applications the E. M. F. is less than 20 V.; alterna- 

nations 1000 per second; current strength, 6-8 Ma. 

Physiological Actions — 

1. Vigorous but painless contraction of the muscular tissues. 

2. Slight sensory excitation, analgesia and anaesthesia of sensory 
nerves. 

3. Vaso-motor stimulation. 

4. Stimulation of secretions. 

5. Sensation of light when an electrode is on the head or neck 
and the current is strong. 

6. Quickened nutrition. 

1 and 2 are the most marked and oftenest used. 

Uses — 

Electrical massage. 
Neuralgia, especially pelvic. 
Ovarian and Uterine congestions. 

The painless contraction is a great advantage in using about the 
face. 

High Frequency or High Potential Currents — 
How do they differ from those formerly considered ? 
Limits reached. 

Nikola Tesla, Elihu Thomson and Hertz and their experiments 
and apparatus. 



240 THERAPEUTICS. 

Frequency of periods of alternating currents depends upon the 
number of poles in the field magnet. 

Results — . 

No effect on motor nerves; slight feeling of warmth of sensory 

nerves; muscles not contracted; tissue changes increased; 

blood vessels dilated by lowered pressure. 
Why no marked effect on the human organism ? 
Indicated in gout, rheumatism or chronic nutritive disorders. 



EXERCISE No. 10. 



MASSAGE. 

Influence is essentially mechanical, producing purely physiolog- 
ical effects. 
Objects — 

i. Arouse superficial reflexes. 

2. Combat and overcome resistance (nervous and circulatory) 
by direct pressure. 

3. Promote oxidation and respiration of the tissues. 
Results — Essentially vital. 

1. Overcoming undue stress, tension and pressure in the tissues. 

2. Restoring vaso-motor balance, giving endosmosis and exos- 
mosis free play. 

3. Promotes secretion, absorption and assimilation. 

4. Raises the temperature of the limbs. 
Schreiber sums up as follows: — 

1. Increased blood supply to the muscles and soft parts, thus 
increasing the circulation and removal of poisonous wastes; 
strengthening muscle fibres by increasing molecular vibrations; 
inducing changes in muscle and nerve fibres themselves. 

2. Causes absorption of exudate, transudates and infiltrates in 
accessible organs, separates adhesions in tendon sheathes and 
joints. 

3. Increases oxidizing powers of the blood by passive and 
active exercise of all the muscles. 

4. Relieves congestions of internal organs by calling blood to 
the muscles. 

5. Stimulates the unstriped muscle fibres. 

(242) 



244 THERAPEUTICS. 

MASSEUR. MASSEUSE. MASSEED. 

Technique — 

Effleurage: — Stroking (superficial, light, frictional movements). 
Petrissage: — Kneading and pinching. 

Tapotement: — Percussion; slapping with the palm; hacking with 
the ulner border of the hand; punctation with the finger tips; 
beating with the closed fist. 
Passive Movements of the Joints: — All normal motions possible. 
Rules — 

i. Treatment of 5-30 minutes' duration. 

2. Patient must not feel any pain or disagreeable fatigue after 
treatment. 

3. Patient should rest at least half an hour after treatment. 

4. Treatment should not be applied within two hours after a 
meal. 

5. Temperature of the room should be 70 degrees Fahrenheit. 

6. Part masseed should be immediately covered up. 

7. Treatment should always be under the direction of a physician. 

8. Silence should always be observed during a treatment. 

Therapeutics — 
Gen era I Massage : 
Anaemia. 
Plethora. 
Neurasthenia. 
Hysteria. 
Local Massage: 

Paralysis from either brain or spinal disease. 

Neuralgia. 

Dyspepsia. 

Constipation. 

Chronic uterine affections. 

Chronic rheumatism. 

Gout. 

Occupation neurosis. 

Spinal curvature. 

Headache. 






EXERCISE No. 11 



ENEMATA. 

Kinds — 

i. Promote rectal evacuations. 

2. Medicinal, for agents acting on the bowel mucuous mem- 
branes. 

3. Rectal irrigations. 

4. Nutrient. 

Method of Action — 

1. Reflexly from irritation of the bowel linings. Amount and 
temperature of the fluids must be considered, cold being more 
irritating. Habitual use increases tolerance and capacity of 
the rectum. Consist of water of all temperatures, soap suds, 
etc. Cone of soap or oiled paper for infants. 

2. Medicated may be emolient, anodyne, astringent, anthel- 
mintic, laxative or cathartic. May contain Aloes, Magnesii 
Sulphas, Oleum Terebinthinae, Oleum Ricini, Glycerinum,etc. 

3. Rectal irrigation requires large amounts of water or Normal 
Salt Solution at the body temperature. Requires a rectal tube, 
a flexible rubber tube 3-4 feet long with a funnel at end. 
Patient on either side, hips elevated (Sim's for females and 
knee-chest for males.) Tube inserted and passed up to the 
sigmoid flexure; attach the flexible tube; govern rate of flow 
by height of the funnel. 

Gentle manipulations. 

Dangers: — Imperious desire for stool, injury of bowel linings, 

rupture of bowel; cardiac syncope from sudden dilatation. 

Possibilities of passing Ileo-caecal valve. 

(246) 



248 THERAPEUTICS. 

4. Nutrient requires small amounts and at rectal temperatures, 
regard for laws of diffusion. Relieves gastric wounds, opera- 
tions or irritable conditions. Requires predigestion as rectum 
is not a digestive organ. Peptonized milk the best basis. 
Tinctura Opii may be added if rectum is irritable. Fresh de- 
fibrinated blood at rectal temperature, but this causes consti- 
pation, fetid stools, coating on linings of bowels and de- 
creased absorption, hence requires irrigation 1-2 per week. 
Amounts used and frequency. 

Therapy — 

1. Constipation, especially with bleeding piles. 

2. Thread-worm: Astringent, Aloes, Quassia. 

3. Impacted feces, etc.: Rectal irrigation. 

4. Intestinal invagination: Large amounts of carbon dioxide 
gas. How? 

5. Cholera: Acidum Tannicum, Normal Salt Solution. 

6. Diarrhoea, Dysentery: Astringent, Tinctura Opii. 

BLADDER FLUSHING. 

Soft catheter. Method of its use. 

Double current catheter and its objections. 

Bulb syringes, holding 6 oz., tapering nozzle to fit any catheter 
is best. 

1 )avidson piston syringe. Fountain syringe is best for the patient 
to use; having a two way stop-cock. Water no c F. in the 
bag to be ioo c F. in bladder. Throw fluid in gently until feel- 
ing of moderate distension and then empty and repeat until 
washings are clear, then use medicated. 

Uses — 

1. Dilated and hypertrophied bladder, habitually congested 
and secreting much mucous; remove all, leaving nothing to 
ferment. 

2. Prevents stone formation. 

3. Relieves congestions at bladder neck. 



250 



THERAPEUTICS. 



Kinds — 

i. Waterat ioo°F; soothing, cleansing, causing no contractions. 
2. Medicated with Acidum Boricum, Plumbi Acetas, Zinci 
Sulphas, Argenti Nitras. 



EXERCISE No. 12. 



LAVAGE. 

Definition. History. 

Technique (Baruch's) — 

i. Preliminary Preparations — 

Patient — Explain object and difficulties of the treatment, how 

he should act, method of the introduction, dangers, etc. 

Remove artificial teeth, if any. Proper time after a meal, 

if for diagnosis. 
Apparatus — Tube of proper size, thoroughly cleansed; basin 

to receive the washings; towels, etc., to protect the patient's 

clothing; reservoirs for the solutions to be used; 2-6 qts. of 

water, warm; other things necessary if desired to test the 

washings. 

2. Introduction of the Tube — 

Patient in a chair with the head thrown back; operator at 
patient's right side; tube warmed with warm water, not oil; 
patient's mouth open, pass point of tube along roof of the 
mouth to the posterior wall of the pharynx; patient's head 
forward, directing him to swallow and despite the gagging, 
in which there is no danger, the tube aided by the mucus 
will pass directly into the stomach, which is told by the 
amount of tube swallowed. Spasmodic contractions may 
cause few minutes' delay. 

3 . Method of Washing — 

Pour in a pint of warm water slowly and if vomiting occurs 
have patient lean forward, allowing the vomit to come out 

(252) 



254 THERAPEUTICS. 

through and around the tube; may need epigastric pressure. 
Govern flow by height of the funnel; may have to raise to 
force away blocking pieces of food, etc. Lower funnel end 
promptly before all has entered, thus keeping out the air 
and starting the reverse current by siphonage. Repeat till 
washings are clear. 

4. Examination of Washings and their Indications — 
Much undigested foods indicate weak digestion. 

Much thick, glairy gastric mucus indicates gastric catarrh. 

5. Testing the Gastric Juice — 

Reaction, Total Acidity, Free HC1, Lactic Acid, etc. 

6. Introduction of Nutrient Materials — 

DeBove's Powder; — Fresh meat minced finely, dried in an 
oven at no c C, powdered. May be mixed with milk, beef 
tea, malt, soft eggs, bouillon, etc. Four times the strength 
of fresh meat. Once daily at first, then 2-4 times per day; 
^ to 1 oz. first day, y± oz. may be given daily. Used in 
all forms of phthisis except where high fever, gastric 
catarrh. 

7 . Diagnosis — 

Striimple's method: — Empties stomach 7 hours after definite 

meal. 
Leube pours 3 oz. of ice water into the stomach and removes 

the gastric juice excited by it. 
Riegel evacuates stomach some hours after meal, takes up in 

sponges, squeezes them out, filters and tests filtrate for 

acids, etc. 
Tropoelin color test. Methyl violet test. Uffelmann. 

8. Lavage in Children. 
Therapeutics — 



EXERCISE No. 13, 



HYDROTHERAPY. 

Definition. History. 
Physiological Effects — 

Cold water externally abstracts heat and affects internal organs 

through the nervous system. 
Cold baths cause general chilliness at first; then reaction. 
Warm water: degree of effect is influenced by the temperature, 

but quality of effect is the same. 
Sense of warmth: effects on circulation and respiration; dia- 
phoresis, tissue changes and muscular relaxation. 
Modes of Application — 

Cold bath: 40- 60F. until complete reaction for tonic effect. 
Tepid << 85- 90F. 
Warm " 95-1 00F. 
Hot " 100-106F. 

Length of bath depends upon effects desired. 
Contraindicated in diseased cerebral arteries. (Hot.) 
Russian or steam bat lis or hot wet packing — 

Method of Russian bath: giving steam baths in bed, etc., 
slacking lime under a blanket. 
Warm fomentations. 
Wet pack — 
Method of- application. 
Rubbing. 
The Douche or Shower bath. 

Not higher than 10 feet nor more than 4 inch column, hose to 
water pipe, large pitcher with suitable spout; any tempera- 
ture; from any direction. 

.Hip or Sitzbath. 

(256) 



2$8 therapeutics. 

Therapy. — 
Tonsilitis, etc.: Ice in mouth; wet pack on neck. 
Spasmodic croup: Iced pack to neck; cold douche. 
Habitual constipation: Morning, glass of cold water. 
Diuretic action, as in Acute Nephritis. 
Coma, Uraemic: Vapor baths, etc., to excite diaphoresis. 
Acute Rheumatism, etc.: Russian bath. 
Lead poisoning, etc.: Vapor baths. 
Fevers: Cold baths; large drinks of cold water. 
Typhoid: Brand's method. 
Hyperpyrexia, Delirium, etc.: Cold baths. 
Constitutional Syphilis: Vapor bath. 
Chronic Rheumatism, especially muscular: Vapor bath. 
Acute cerebral congestion: Cold douche to head. 
Meningeal hemorrhages: Cold douche to head; ice bag. 
Nervous Diseases: Tonic; Cold plunge, shower, cold sitzbath, 

ice bags, half baths, brine baths. 
Sedative: Lukewarm, wet pack, vapor, hot sitz. 
Chest inflammations: Wet packing. 
Anaesthesia, etc., are often benefited by ice bag, pack, hot or 

cold affusion 
Backache due to spinal anaemia: Hot sponge to spine. 
Abdominal inflammations. 
Uterine haemorrhage: Cold. 
Surgical uses. 
Prof. Hamilton's method. 
Chronic Gastric Catarrh: Hot water. 
Dyspepsias: Hot water. How used. Why? 
Emesis: How brought about? 



EXERCISE No. 14, 



COUNTER IRRITATION. 

Theory — Mode of Action — 

Superficial vessels dilated; surrounding vessels more or less so; 
increased heart action; raised body temperature; exalted ner- 
vous irritability; affects trophic nerve function of the parts; 
moderate exalting, and excessive causing atrophy. 

Causes serum exudates: their effects. 

Effects — 

i. Decreases gross amount of blood serum and thus decreases 
blood pressure. 

2. Removes toxic materials from tissues and fluids of inflamed 
parts. 

3. Relieves pain. 

4. Systemic effects. 

Forms — 

Rubefacients (Reddeners): — Mustard preparations; plasters; 

liniments. 
Epispastics (Blisters): — Cantharides preparations; the cerate 

being the strongest, but the Collodion the most convenient. 

Iodine. Firing-method. 
Pustulants (Pusformers): — Tartar Emetic; Oleum Tiglii. 

Therapy — (Method of use in each case.) 
Nausea, vomiting, etc.: Mustard, etc. 
Typhlitis, etc.: Turpentine stupes (early). 
Chest inflammations: Mustard, etc. 

(260) 



262 THERAPEUTICS. 

Meningeal inflammations: But little benefit. 

Hysteria: Blisters. 

Neuritis: Blisters over seat of trouble. 

Gleet: Blisters over perinaeum. 

Rheumatism: Acute, Chronic, Muscular and Inflammatory. 

Joints. 

Contraindications — 

Pregnancy; Acute inflammations: infancy; debility; purpura. 
Treatment of burns from too severe applications. 
Strangury is lessened by diluent drinks. 

ACUPUNCTURE 

Needles; rapidly rotated and inserted. 

Baunscheidt's method. 

May diminish local sensibility by Sleich's method of "Local 

Anaesthesia," or by any other convenient method. 
Occasionally gives relief in Lumbago, Myalgia, Sciatica, Tic 

Douloureux. 

HYPODERMATOCLYCIS. 

Method of use and action. 

CUPPING. 

Form of cups, method of application and effects. Wet and dry 
cups. Improvised bottles. 

LEECHES. 

Action, application and effects. Salt makes leech loosen its hold. 
HYPODERMIC MEDICATION. 

Syringe: structure and method of use. 
Therapy and theory of action. 

INTRAVENOUS. 

Methods; applications; dangers. 



EXERCISE No. 15. 

PNEUMOTHERAPY. 

OXYGEN. 
Preparation — 

Must be pure as possible. 

i. Heating Hydrogenii Dioxidum is best but very expensive. 

2. Heating Potassii Chloras 5 parts and Mangani Dioxidum 1 

part to dull redness in a suitable iron retort, passing the gas 

through water. 

Effects — 

Constitutional disturbances slight. Sensation of warmth, irri- 
tation, etc., in the air passages. Pulse usually increased; 
oxygenation of the blood improved; red corpuscles increased 
in number and power. No constant influence on secretions. 
Mental exhilaration with slight giddiuess. Appetite, diges- 
tion and assimilation improved. Uric acid decreased. Car- 
bon dioxide expiration increased. 

Therapv — 

Dyspnoea or asphyxia from any cause. Chronic ulcers; general 
strumous cases. Anaemia and chlorosis. Chronic Albumin- 
uria. Phthisis. Pneumonia cyanosis. Senile, per rectum. 
Acute infections. Depressed temperature. Dyspepsia. 

Administration — 

Dose is from 1-5 gallons; pure or mixed with air, etc. Respi- 
ration deliberate; no danger whatever. Cylinders, gas bags, 
etc., and mode of use. Davidson's syringe per rectum, Tem- 
perature of interior of bod)-. 

(2G4) 



266 therapeutics. 

Ozone — 

Preparation, properties, uses, ozonized air and water. 

HYDROGENII DIOXIDUM 

Effects — 

Germicide, pus destroyer and deodorant. 3% solution. Uses 

NITROGENII MONOXIDUM. 
Preparation — 

Heating Ammonii Nitras, washing gas in water. 
Effects — 

Similar to pure Nitrogen. Anaesthesia. Stimulant. 
Uses — 

Minor operations; Dyspnoea; Neurasthenia; Melancholia. 
Administration — 

Apparatus. Combined with 10% Oxygen. 

PNEUMATIC DIFFERENTIATION 

Williams' pneumatic cabinet; structure, etc. 

Baths of compressed or rarefied air, with or without excess of 
Oxygen. 

ANAESTHESIA. 

Technique of Chloroform; of Ether. 

Dangers of each and how to avoid and treat them. 

INHALATIONS. 

Drugs so used are intended to relieve the respiratory tract. 

Powders. Moist air. 

Steam laden with the drugs. 

Air laden with the drug fumes. 

Gases. Atomizing Sprays. 

Atomizers are worked by compressed air or by escaping steam 

from a small boiler. 
Apparatus and method of their use. 



2 68 



THERAPEUTICS. 



Formulae — 

Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus in Syncope, etc. 

Equal parts of Acidum Carbolicum and Aqua Ammoniae 
Fortior and 3 parts of Alcohol for Acute Coryza. 

Tinctura Benzoini Compositi for dry catarrhal conditions. 

Tinctura Iodi Composita, 10-20 drops at an inhalation. 

Dobell's solution or Seller's tablets. 

Antiseptic preparations. 

Astringents. 

Sedatives. 

Creosote 4, Magnesium Carbonate 1, water 20. Use tea- 
spoonfu 1 at a time. 



EXERCISE No. 16. 



BEEF PREPARATIONS. 

Beef Juice — 

Broil a pound of round steak one or two minutes, or until the 
juice will flow. Cut it into small pieces. Warm a lemon 
squeezer by dipping it into hot water and squeeze the juice 
into a bowl placed over warm water. Salt and serve without 
reheating. 

Beef Tea — 

The best pieces for beef tea are the round and the rump, as 
they contain the most and best flavored juices. Remove all 
fat and skin, cut into small pieces, put into a glass jar or wide 
mouthed bottle, using a cup of cold water to the pound of 
beef. Beef tea should not be strained as the sediment con- 
tains the nutritious part. 

Beef Extract — 

Prepare as for beef tea but omit the water. 

Scraped Beef — 

Scrape raw beef to a pulp, make it into small cakes and broil, 
as steak. Season with salt and pepper and serve hot. 

Raw Beef Sandwiches — 

Scrape fine a piece of fresh, tender, raw beef. Season with salt 
and pepper; spread it on thin slices of bread and put them 
together like a sandwich. Cut into small squares or long strips. 

( 270 ) 



2" t 2 THERAPEUTICS. 

MILK PREPARATIONS. 

Sterilized Milk — 

Put the milk into a glass jar or bottle, cover the mouth with 
sterilized cotton. Place the jar in a kettle or other vessel that 
is deep enough to hold sufficient amount of water to reach to 
the top of the milk in the jar. Allow the water to come to a 
boiling point but do not boil it. Keep it at this temperature 
for one hour. 

Junket — 

Put into an earthen dish a pint of milk, a tablespoonful of sugar 
and one tablespoonful of liquid rennet. Stir to dissolve the 
sugar; cover and place in a warm place. As soon as it becomes 
solid remove to a cool place so that the separation of the 
casein will not go on too far and the whey appear. Flavor 
with wine, brand}' or nutmeg. 

Peptonized Milk for Nutrient Enemata — 

Add to a pint of milk one gill of cold water. Put in a tube full 
of Fairchild's Peptonizing Powder. Place in a warm bath for 

an hour. 

KOUMYSS 

One quart of perfectly fresh milk, one-fifth of a cake of Fleisch- 
man's yeast, one tablespoonful of sugar. Dissolve the yeast 
in a little water and mix it with the sugar and milk. Put the 
mixture into strong bottles (beer bottles with shifting corks 
are the best). Shake the bottles for a full minute to mix the 
ingredients, then place on end in a refrigerator or equally cool 
place, to ferment slowly. At the end of three days lay the 
bottles on their sides; turn occasionally. Five days will be 
required to perfect fermentation. 

BEVERAGES. 

Cocoa — 

One teaspoonful cocoa, one teaspoonful sugar, enough hot water 
to dissolve them. Pour into one cup boiling milk, let boil up 
once and serve immediately. 



274 therapeutics. 

Coffee — 

One heaping tablespoonf ul of ground coffee to one cup, or one half 
pint boiling water. Stir into the coffee a little raw egg and one 
tablespoonful of cold water; pour on the boiling water and let 
simmer for five minutes and steep ten. Serve immediately. 
Tea— 

One teaspoonful of tea to one cup or one-half pint boiling water, 
cover closely and let stand three minutes and then pour off. 

When closely rolled tea is used the quantity should be diminished 
one-half or two-thirds. 

EGG PREPARATIONS. 

Soft Boiled — 

Pour enough boiling water into a saucepan to more than cover 
whatever number of eggs are to be cooked; then put the eggs 
in the same saucepan and let stand for ten minutes on the 
hearth or any place where the water will not lose its warmth 
too quickly. The pan should remain uncovered. 

Egg-Nogg — 

No. i — Beat the yolk of one egg, add one tablespoonful of sugar 

and beat to a cream. Add one tablespoonful of wine or 

brandy and a half cup of milk. Beat the white to a stiff froth 

and stir in lightly. 
No. 2 — Beat the white of one egg to a stiff froth and into it beat 

the yolk and one teaspoonful of sugar; add a tablespoonful of 

brandy and a half cup of milk and stir or beat well together. 

Whiskey, vanilla extract or grated nutmeg may be substituted 

for the brandy. 

GRUEL PREPARATIONS. 

Oat Meal Gruels — 

No. i — Put one cup of rolled oats into a bowl, fill bowl with water, 
stir well and let settle for a few minutes; then pour the milky 
looking water into a saucepan until it no longer appears white. 
Boil the water for half an hour. For every pint put in a small 
or saltspoonful of salt and a naif cup of sweet cream or milk. 



2j6 THERAPEUTICS. 

No. 2 — One large tablespoonful of rolled oats to one pint of 
water. Boil down one-half; then strain through a wire sieve, 
salt and add an equal quantity of milk. Sugar may be added 
if desired. 

Prepared Flour Ball — 

Tie one pint of flour in a stout cloth; put into boiling water and 
boil four hours, then bake four hours. Pare off the outer 
coating and grate the powder from the ball as it is wanted to 
make the gruel of the desired consistency. To a half pint of 
boiling milk add one tablespoonful of the powder, wet with 
cold milk or water. Boil for five minutes; add a little salt 
and serve. 

Flaxseed Lemonade — 

One tablespoonful of flaxseed, one pint of water, one table 
spoonful of sugar and the juice of one lemon. Boil the flax- 
seed in the water half an hour; strain it and add the lemon 
juice and sugar. 

Rice Water — 

Wash two tablespoonfuls of rice, add one quart of cold water 
and boil until the rice is very tender. Strain and add salt to 
the taste. A little sugar and also nutmeg may be added if 
desired. 

Barley Water — 

One tablespoonful of pearl barley, three blocks of sugar, one- 
half a lemon and one quart of boiling water. Wash the bar- 
ley in cold water, pour off the water and put the barley, sugar 
and lemon into the boiling water and let it stand covered and 
warm for three hours and then strain it and serve. 

Toast Water — 

Toast one pint of white or brown bread crusts very brown, being 
careful not to burn them. Add one quart of cold water, let 
it stand for one hour and then strain and add sugar and cream 
to the taste. 



2 7 8 


THERAPEUTICS. 




ALBUMINURIA, 


May take — 






SOUPS. 


Thin Soups. 


Beef Tea. Br. 




FISH. 


Oysters. 


Fish of all kinds. 




MEATS. 


Chicken. 


Game. Sweetbreads. 



BREAD AND FARINACEOUS ARTICLES. 

Bread. Cornbread. Rice. Macaroni. 

Sago. Tapioca. 

VEGETABLES AND FRUITS. 

Potatoes. Spinach. Celery. Lettuce. Cresses. 

Beans. Peas. Baked and Stewed Apples. 

Oranges. Prunes. Peaches. 

DRINKS AND LIQUIDS. 

Waukesha. Distilled or Rain Water, abundantly. 

Koumyss. Milk. Buttermilk. 

Avoid — 

All fried foods, Beef, Mutton, Eggs, Made dishes, Desserts, 
strong Tea and Coffee, all Alcoholic stimulants. 

DIABETES. 

May take — soups. 

Plain. 

FISH. 

All kinds. Oysters. Clams. Lobsters Shrimps. 

MEATS. 

All kinds. Poultry. Game Bacon. 

EGGS. 
BREAD AND FARINACEOUS ARTICLES. 

Bread and biscuits made with prepared gluten flour. 



THERAPEUTICS. 



VEGETABLES. 



Green Vegetables, such as 

Summer Garbage, Turnip Tops, Spinach, Water Cresses, 

Mustard, Sauerkraut, Lettuce, Sorrel, Mushrooms, 

Celery, String Beans, Dandelion, Chicory, Cold 

Slaw, Brussels Sprouts, Cucumbers, Olives, 

Asparagus, Truffles, Radishes; Onions, 

Pickles. 

DESSERTS. 

Custards without Sugar. Eggs. Cheese. Butter. 

Jellies, unsweetened. Nuts, except Chestnuts. 

DRINKS AND LIQUIDS. 

Water. Underwood Spring Water. Koumyss. 

Buttermilk. Dry Wines in moderation. Claret. 

Sherry. Burgundy. Acid Fruits. Lemons. 

Currants. Tea. ■ Cream. 

Coffee without Sugar. 

Saccharine may be used in place of sugar. One grain 

will sweeten a cup of coffee or tea. 

Avoid — : 

Sweet Milk, Liver, Biead, Biscuits, Toast. Farinaceous Veg- 
tables, such as Potatoes, Rice, Oatmeal, Cornmeal, Sago, 
Tapioca, Arrowroot, etc. Saccharine Vegetables, such as 
Turnips, Carrots, Parsnips, Green Peas, French Beans, Beet 
Root, Tomatoes, Fruits of all kinds. All Preserves, Syrups, 
Sugars, Cocoa, Chocolate, Cordials, Sweet Wines. All Pas- 
try, Puddings, Ice Cream, Honey. 

URIC-ACIDAEMIA. 

Breakfast — 

Porridge of wheat, oats or cornmeal, eaten with milk; a few 
mouthfuls of fish or egg; one or two pieces of bread, or its 
equivalent in loast, plenty of butter; a cup of milk flavored 
with tea, coffee or cocoa. 



282 therapeutics. 

Lunch — 

Potato and one other vegetable, eaten with butter; pudding, tart 
or stewed fruit; biscuits and butter; a little fruit, milk. 

Dinner — 

Soup, fish, fowl or game, a small portion; two vegetables with 
sauces or butter; biscuits and butter; any ordinary pudding or 
stewed fruit; fruits. 

DYSPEPSIA. 

May take- 
soups. 
Thin Soups. Beef Tea. Broths. 

FISH. 

Raw ( )ysters. 

MEATS. 

Beef. Mutton. Lamb. Chicken. Game. Venison. 

Chopped Meat. 

EGGS. 

Poached. Soft Boiled. Raw or whipped up with water and 
liquor or wine. 

BREAD AND FARINACEOUS ARTICLES. 

Bread, sparingly. Corn-bread. Stale bread and butter. 

Rice Cakes. Macaroni. Sago. Tapioca. 

Cream Crackers. Dry Toast. 

VEGETABLES AND FRUITS. 

Green Vegetables, such as 

Spinach, Turnip tops, Cresses, Salads, Celery, Sorrel, Lettuce, 

String Beans, Dandelion, Chicory, Asparagus. 

Oranges, Ripe Peaches and Pears, Apples roasted, and 

Thoroughly cooked dried fruits. 

DRINKS AND LIQUIDS. 

Water abundantly. Hot water before meals. Koumyss. 

Buttermilk. Milk and Lime water. Milk and Seltzer. 

Tea. Claret. " Dry Wines. 

Thoroughly masticate all foods. 



284 therapeutics. 

Avoid — 

Rich Soups, All Fried Foods, Veal, Pork, Hashes, Stews, 
Turkey, Sweet Potatoes, All starches and saccharine articles. 
All Gravies, Made Dishes, Sauces, Desserts, Pies, Pastry, 
Puddings, Ice Cream, Sweet Wines, Malt Liquors, Cordials, 
Uncooked Vegetables. 

OBESITY. 

May Take — 

SOUPS. 

Beef, Mutton and Chicken Broth. 

FISH. 

All Kinds. 

MEATS. 

Lean Beef. Lean Mutton. Chicken. Game. 

EGGS. 
VEGETABLES. 

Asparagus. Cauliflower. Onions. Celery. Cresses. Spinach. 

White Cabbage. Tomatoes. Radishes. Lettuce. 

Greens. Squash. Turnips. 

BREAD AND FARINCEOUS ARTICLES. 

Stale Bread and Toast sparingly. Gluten Biscuits. 
(Only 4 oz. Bread per diem. ) 

DESSERTS AND FRUITS, ETC. 

Grapes. Oranges. Cherries. Berries. Acid Fruit. 

DRINKS. 

Tea or Coffee without sugar or milk. Wine occasionally. 
Exercise plentifully. 
Avoid — 

Fat, Thick Soups, Sauces and Spices, Hominy, Oat Meal, Mac- 
caroni, White and Sweet Potatoes, Rice, Beets, Carrots 
Starches, Parsnips, Puddings, Pies, Cakes, all Sweets, Milk, 
Water. 
(If urea is in excess), Alcoholic Drinks, Malt Liquors. Avoid 
Water in excess. 



286 THERAPEUTICS. 

CHRONIC RHEUMATISM AND GOUT. 

May take — soups. 

Vegetable Soup, except Pea or Bean. 

FISH. 

Fresh Fish. Raw Oysters. Raw Clams. 

MEATS. 

Beef. Mutton. Chicken. Ham. Bacon. Game. 

FARINACEOUS ARTICLES. 

Bread. Bread from whole wheat. Crackers. 

Rye Bread. Oatmeal. Cracked Wheat. 

Milk Toast. • Rice. 

VEGETABLES. 

Potatoes. Fresh Vegetables. 

DESSERTS. 

Milk Puddings. Fruits of all kinds in moderation 
if not too acid. 

DRINKS. 

Water, plentifully. Lemon Juice. Old Whisky. Gin. 

Dry Wines when needed. Milk. Weak Tea. 
Meats and Nitrogenous Food in moderation. 
An absolute milk diet is sometimes necessary and curative. 
Avoid — 

Soups, Eggs, all made dishes, Gravies and Spices, Pork, Veal, 
Turkey, all Pies, Pastries and Rich Puddings, Patties, Con- 
fectionery, Sweet Wines, Burgundy, Heavy Claret, Cordials, 
Malt Liquors, Tobacco, Asparagus, Peas, Beans, all Acid 
Fruits. 

Under all circumstances let the rule be abstemiousness. 



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